§ 1. _Meaning and Scope of Totemism._—Frazer’s definitions. The Clan-Totem, and observances connected with it 293-6
§ 2. _Of the Origin of Totemism._—Totemism not universal. Totemic names sometimes recent, generally ancient. Totemism has not the psychological necessity of Magic and Animism. Originates with the names of individuals or of groups? 296-9
§ 3. _The Conceptional Hypothesis of Frazer._—Belief in Totems derived from the fancies of women as to cause of pregnancy. Criticisms 299-304
§ 4. _Lang’s Hypothesis._—Names of animals or plants given to groups probably by other groups. Circumstances of origin having been forgotten, explanatory myths are invented with corresponding observances. Comments 304-7
§ 5. _Totemism and Marriage._—Exogamy, Totemism and Marriage Classes. Westermarck’s hypothesis as to Exogamy 307-11
§ 6. _The Clansman and his Totem_—perhaps believed to have the same soul 312-14
§ 7. _Totemism and Magic._—Magical properties of names. Transformation. Penalties on breach of observances. Control of Totems 314-19
§ 8. _Totemism and Animism._—Totems in Australia give warnings; are sometimes invoked in aid; the Wollunqua. Fusion of Totem with spirit of hero in Fiji; in Polynesia. Propitiation of guardian spirits, “elder brothers,” species-gods in North and South America. Zoolatry in Africa; in Egypt 319-25
§ 1. _Their Common Ground._—Both assume uniformity of action. Differentiated in opposite directions from common-sense 326-8
§ 2. _The Differentiation._—The Wizard a physician—genuine and magical drugs; a surgeon with some knowledge of Anatomy—effective remedies and the sucking-cure; of Psychology and suggestion; his Physiological Psychology. Knowledge of natural signs; Natural signs and Omens; Astronomy and Astrology. Rain-rites and Meteorology 328-37
§ 3. _Why Magic seems to be the Source of Science._—Conducted for ages by the same people, and develops faster 337-340
§ 4. _Animism and Science._—Naturally opposed as caprice to uniformity; but, indirectly, Animism is the great nurse of Science and Art. Animism and Philosophy. Conclusion 340-42
THE ORIGIN OF MAN AND OF HIS SUPERSTITIONS
ON THE DIFFERENTIATION OF MAN FROM THE ANTHROPOIDS
That the human species as we now see it, with its several races, Mongolian, Negro, Mediterranean, etc., represents a Family of the Primates is generally agreed; and there is evidence that the Family formerly comprised other species that have become extinct. Our nearest surviving zoological relatives are the Gorilla, Chimpanzee and Orang, and (at a further remove) the Siamang and Gibbons; and in spite of the fundamental anatomical resemblance between those apes and ourselves, the difference is so great that some explanation of how it came about is very desirable.