AUTHORITIES.--Although several excellent books have been written on subjects connected with the town, there is no adequate modern history. The _History of Manchester_, by the Rev. John Whitaker, appeared in 1771; it is a mere fragment, and, though containing much important matter, requires to be very discreetly used. The following may be recommended: John Reilly, _History of Manchester_, (1861); R. W. Procter, _Manchester in Holiday Dress_ (1866), _Memorials of Manchester Streets_ (1874), _Memorials of Byegone Manchester_ (1880); Richard Buxton, _Botanical Guide to Manchester, &c._ (2nd ed., 1859); Leo Grindon, _Manchester Flora_ (1859); Edward Baines, _History of Lancashire_, edited by Croston (1886-1893), 5 vols.; W. A. Shaw, _Manchester, Old and New_ (1894); W. E. A. Axon, _Annals of Manchester_ (1885), _Cobden as a Citizen_ (1906); Harry Rawson, _Historical Record of some Recent Enterprises of the Corporation of Manchester_ (1894); _Official Manual of Manchester and Salford_ (1909); J. P. Earwaker, _Court Leet Records of Manchester, 1552-1686, 1731-1846_ (1884-1890), 12 vols.; _Constable's Accounts, 1612-1647, 1743-1776_ (1891-1892), 3 vols.; _Manchester Municipal Code_ (1894-1899), 5 vols.; George Saintsbury, _Manchester_ (1887); Thomas Swindells, _Manchester Streets and Manchester Men_ (1906-1907), 3 vols.; James Tait, _Medieval Manchester_ (1904); Charles Roeder, _Roman Manchester_ (1900); Sir Bosdin Leech, _History of the Manchester Ship Canal_ (1907), 2 vols. (W. E. A. A.)
[1] In the _Antonine Itinerary_ the name Mancunium (q.v.) or Mamucium is given. This is the origin of the modern name, and has supplied the adjective "Mancunian" (cf. "Old Mancunians" applied to old boys of Manchester Grammar School).
MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea), a township of Essex county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., about 25 m. N.E. of Boston, on Massachusetts Bay. Pop. (1900), 2522; (1905, state census), 2618; (1910), 2673. Area, 7.64 sq. m. It is served by the Boston & Maine railroad, and is connected with neighbouring towns and cities by electric lines. The township, heavily wooded in parts, and with picturesque shores alternating between rocky headlands and sandy beaches, stretches for several miles along the coast between Beverly on the west and Gloucester on the east. It is one of the most beautiful watering-places in America, and is the favourite summer residence of many of the foreign diplomats at Washington. The "singing beach" is a stretch of white sand, which, when trodden upon, emits a curious musical sound. Manchester, originally a part of Salem, was settled about 1630 and was at first known as Jeffrey's Creek. It was incorporated separately under its present name in 1645.
