Let A be a finite subset of a commutative additive group Z. The sumset and difference set of A are defined as the sets of pairwise sums and differences of elements of A, respectively. The well-known inequality $\sigma(A)^{ 1/2} \leq \delta(A) \leq \sigma(A)^2,$ where $\sigma(A)=\frac{ |A+A|}{ |A|}$ is the doubling constant of A and $\delta(A)=\frac{ |A-A|}{ |A|}$ is the difference constant of A, relates the relative sizes of the sumset and difference set of A. The exponent 2 in this inequality is known to be optimal, for the exponent 1/2 this is unknown. We determine those sets for which equality holds in the above inequality. We find that equality holds if and only if A is a coset of some finite subgroup of Z or, equivalently, if and only if both the doubling constant and difference constant are equal to 1. This implies that there is space for possible improvement of the exponent 1/2 in the inequality. We then use the derived methods to show that Pl\"unnecke's inequality is strict when the doubling constant is larger than 1.
Categories: math.CO