2 Kings 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the second part of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reigns of Hoshea the last king of Israel, the capture of Samaria and the deportation of the northern kingdom population by the Assyrians.
Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 41 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).
Structure
This chapter can be divided into the following sections: : Regnal account of Hoshea ben Elah of Israel and the fall of Samaria : Theological analysis : Interpretation of the situation in Samaria after the dispersion of Israel
The skeletal narrative structure in this chapter is shaped by the actions of the king of Assyria, with the narrative followed by the commentary (twice): direct attack on Israel (verses 1–23) narrative (verses (1–6) commentary (verses 7–23) indirect attack on Israel (verses 24–41) narrative (verses 24–28) commentary (verses 29–41)
Analysis
This chapter provides a significant theological interpretation of Israel history connecting the long chronicles of the sin of the nation to the resulting divine punishment with the fall of the northern kingdom, as reflected by a 'dense concentration of Deuteronomistic language'. It also gives a glimpse to Judah's eventual fate, linking to other 'dense concentrations of Deuteronomistic judgment language' in ; ; . The northern prophets, Amos and Hosea, provide additional reflection on the reasons for the judgment.
Hoshea, king of Israel (17:1–6) The regnal records of Hoshea, the last king of Israel, is evaluated less negatively than the previous kings of the northern kingdom, but his deeds are still 'evil in the sight of the Lord.' Hoshea's shift of allegiance from Assyria to Egypt has a disastrous consequence. Shalmaneser V, the king of Assyria, soon went up against Hoshea and laid siege on Samaria that last for three years, but Sargon II made the claim in his annals to have taken Samaria (ANET 284–285).
Verse 1
In the twelfth year of Ahaz king of Judah reigned hath Hoshea son of Elah in Samaria, over Israel -- nine years. "In the 12th year of Ahaz": According to McFall in the correction of Thiele's chronology, this fell between September 724 BCE and September 723 BCE and during this period Hoshea "has reigned" in Samaria for 9 years, following "accession year method". Most English versions translated the verb as "began to reign", treating the year as terminus a quo. "Nine years": based on , according to Thiele's chronology, Hoshea began to reign between September 732 BCE and April 731 BCE ('in the 20th year of Jotham the son of Uzziah'), His ascension to the throne is recorded in the annals of Assyria (ANET 284). Following Thiele-McFall chronology, Hoshea died between April and September 723 BCE when Assyria captured Samaria.
Verse 3
Against him came up Shalmaneser king of Assyria. And Hoshea became his vassal and paid him tribute. "Shalmaneser": is identified as Shalmaneser V.
Verse 4
And the king of Assyria found conspiracy in Hoshea: for he had sent messengers to So king of Egypt, and brought no present to the king of Assyria, as he had done year by year: therefore the king of Assyria shut him up, and bound him in prison. "So king of Egypt": identified mostly with "Osorkon IV" (reigned 730 – 715/13 BCE), or other rulers including Pharaoh Shabaka of Egypt (710-696 BCE), Silhu (a north Arabian monarch; Šanda 214–16), Sibe (an Egyptian officer) and Pharaoh Tefnakhte (reigned 726-716 BCE) whose capital, Sais (sʼw), could be transliterated as "So" in Hebrew.