Hyperthermia is a high body temperature. It happens when a person is not able to control their body temperature. This can happen for many reasons, like very hot weather, fever, and some medicines or illegal drugs.
Doctors define hyperthermia as a body temperature that is over 101 degrees Fahrenheit (equal to 38.3 degrees Celsius). This is higher than the average human body temperature, which is normally around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). When a person gets hyperthermia, they can have heat-related injuries, where the high body temperature hurts the body.
There are three forms of heat-related injuries caused by hyperthermia: heat cramps (the least serious), heat exhaustion, and heat stroke (the most serious).
Causes of hyperthermia
All types of hyperthermia can be caused by the same things. Some common causes are: Weather: Weather that is very hot, sunny, and humid Activity: Exercising or working a lot, especially if it is hot out Older people and infants can get hyperthermia even if they are resting inside, if the weather outside is hot and humid, and they are not getting enough cool air. This can happen because very old and very young people have trouble controlling their body temperatures. Illegal drugs, especially ecstasy and amphetamines, can make the body's temperature get very hot, very quickly
Other things that make a person more likely to get hyperthermia, especially if they are exercising or working, include: Clothing: Wearing dark clothing, hats or helmets, or padded clothing (like football pads) Body weight: Having more body fat makes it harder for the body to cool down Dehydration (not having enough fluids in the body): This makes it harder for the body to cool itself down by sweating Fever: Because the body's temperature is already higher than normal Medicines: Some medications, like beta blockers and antipsychotic medicines
Heat cramps
Heat cramps are the least serious form of hyperthermia. (A "cramp" is a sharp pain caused by a muscle getting tighter and shorter.)
Symptoms
The major symptoms of heat cramps are: Painful cramps, usually in the legs or abdomen Sweating a lot, which can cause dehydration and loss of electrolytes (important salts that the body needs)
Treatment
People with heat cramps usually do not need medical treatment. The best treatments for heat cramps are: Moving to a cool place and resting Resting the muscles that hurt Drinking water or sports drinks to treat dehydration
Heat exhaustion
Heat exhaustion is more serious than heat cramps. If affects the whole body instead of just certain muscles, like heat cramps.
Symptoms
Symptoms of heat exhaustion may include: Syncope (fainting) or dizziness Low blood pressure More serious dehydration The person may be orthostatic (this means they get dizzy or faint when they stand up; it is a sign of dehydration) Feeling very thirsty with a dry mouth Cool, clammy skin (because the body is trying as hard as it can to pull heat out of the body by sweating) Nausea or vomiting (because of dehydration)
Treatment
People with heat exhaustion may need medical treatment.
First aid for people with heat exhaustion includes: Moving the person to a cool place Having the patient take off extra layers of clothes Cooling the patient down by fanning them and putting wet towels on their body Having them lie down and put their feet up if they are feeling dizzy Having them drink water or sports drinks - but only if they are awake, not confused, and not vomiting Turning the person on their side if they are vomiting If a person with heat exhaustion gets medical treatment, EMTs or doctors may: Give them oxygen Give them water and electrolytes intravenously (through a needle placed into a vein) if they are too confused to drink, or are vomiting
Heat stroke
Heat stroke is a medical emergency. If it is not treated quickly enough, it causes brain damage and death. It is one of the most common causes of death in sports that can be prevented.
Heat stroke happens when a person gets so hot that their body cannot do anything to bring their temperature down. The body has tried every strategy it has to cool itself down. But the body is so hot that none of those strategies work any more. This causes the body temperature to rise very quickly. The body gets so hot inside that its tissues, especially the brain, get damaged. Usually, people with heat stroke have a body temperature of 104 degrees Fahrenheit or higher. The brain cannot survive for long at these temperatures. Heat stroke can very quickly cause damage to the brain, heart, kidneys, and muscles.