The 12 cm Lang brons was a 19th-century Dutch siege gun. It was a locally produced steel bronze version of the 12 cm Lang staal.
Context
The Dutch army adopts breechloading
After the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) the Netherlands started to modernize its army. The most urgent measures were the procurement of heavy coastal artillery, a process which had already started after the 1862 Battle of Hampton Roads. Next came the procurement of breechloading rifles for the infantry, and the modernization of the siege artillery and the field artillery. This led to the procurement of the breechloading bronze 12 cm K.A. and 8 cm A. brons. These guns were produced domestically, starting in 1874.
Meanwhile, it had become clear that steel rifled breechloaders were superior to bronze rifled breechloaders. In 1876 20 15 cm zwaar staal guns and 60 12 cm Lang staal guns were therefore bought at Krupp. The 12 cm Lang staal gun would cost 7,980 mark or 13,200 guilders a piece, including the carriage and everything else. 833 guns of 12 cm Lang were thought to be needed. On 1 January 1880 there were 126 12 cm Lang staal available in the Netherlands. 32 still had to be delivered.
Steel bronze
In the mid-1870s Franz von Uchatius copied an autofrettage (avant la lettre) process from a 1869 American patent without a license and marketed it as steel bronze (). The process used a bronze alloy that contained only 8% tin instead of the usual for the Netherlands 11.5%. A steel bronze gun was cast using a technique called gravity die casting, using a metal form. This increased the density of especially the outer layers of the metal when cast, because these cooled off rapidly. The most important part of the technology was increasing the density of the inner layers even further. This was done by repeatedly driving objects of slightly increasing diameter through the tube. Produced in this way, a steel bronze gun could withstand the effects of the increased explosive force of the latest artillery almost as well as cast steel did, although it was clear already then that the latter are superior.
For many countries the invention of steel bronze was important, because they were not able to produce cast steel guns. In the Netherlands, the (national gun foundry) could be adapted to cast steel bronze guns. Casting steel guns was not feasible for the Dutch at the time. The first Dutch attempt at a steel bronze gun centered on producing a steel bronze field gun to replace the 8.4 cm Feldgeschütz Ord 1871. Three steel bronze 8.5 cm guns were constructed in the second half of 1879. The trial of these guns was positive with regard to using steel bronze, but nevertheless showed some problems. It all led the Ministry of Defense to buy the 8 cm staal at Krupp in Germany.
History
Available capacity at Rijks Geschutgieterij
The decision to buy the new 8.4 cm field gun in Germany, instead of producing a local steel bronze version, freed up production capacity at the . It meant that the Ministry of War could order a steel bronze version of the 12 cm Lang at , instead of ordering more of these expensive guns in Germany. In this respect the decision to buy the new 8,4 cm field gun in Germany actually saved expenses!
The cost difference between the steel and steel bronze versions of the 12 cm Lang was 3,200 guilders per gun. At the time 193 12 cm Lang were still thought to be required immediately. The switch to producing the 12 cm Lang brons implied that the minister put an end to the procurement of more 12 cm Lang staal from Krupp. This is indeed what happened.
Production of the 12 cm Lang brons
60 12 cm Lang brons were planned to be cast by the (national gun foundry) in the Hague in 1880. On 1 January 1883 the total number of available both steel and steel bronze 12 cm Lang guns was 248. Implying that 90 had already been made. 12 more 12 cm Lang brons would still be delivered on 1 January 1883. At least 105 more 12 cm Lang were still thought to be required.
Replacement
Both the 12 cm Lang brons and the steel version quickly became obsolete after 1897. In that year the Canon de 75 modèle 1897, the first gun with a recoil mechanism was introduced. In 1927 the Dutch reassigned the 15 cm zwaar staal and the 12 cm staal to the field artillery, where they would serve in World War II. What happened to the 12 cm Lang brons is not that clear.