I wish to express gratitude to various friends and individuals who have helped me with suggestions or photographs, among whom I may mention Messrs. Henry P. Baily, Lloyd Norris, William H. Castle, Edward P. Crummer, Maurice T. Fleisher, James Prescott Martin, Edward H. Smith, and Harold Donaldson Eberlein.
FORT INDEPENDENCE (CASTLE WILLIAM), CASTLE ISLAND, BOSTON HARBOR 25
FORT COLUMBUS, OR JAY, GOVERNOR’S ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR 36
THE HEIGHTS OF QUEBEC (THE CITADEL, CASTLE ST. LOUIS), CANADA 72
FORT ANNAPOLIS ROYAL, ANNAPOLIS, ANNAPOLIS BASIN, NOVA SCOTIA 84
FORT NIAGARA, AT MOUTH OF NIAGARA RIVER, NEW YORK 113
FORT MICHILLIMACKINAC AND FORT HOLMES, MACKINAC ISLAND, MICHIGAN 131
FORT MASSAC, ON THE OHIO, NEAR METROPOLIS, ILLINOIS 141
WEST POINT, ITS ENVIRONS, AND STONY POINT, NEW YORK 147
FORT CONSTITUTION (FORT WILLIAM AND MARY), GREAT ISLAND, NEAR PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE 161
FORTS TRUMBULL AND GRISWOLD, NEW LONDON AND GROTON, ON THE THAMES, CONNECTICUT 167
FORT MIFFLIN, ON THE DELAWARE, PHILADELPHIA 173
LA FUERZA, MORRO CASTLE, AND OTHER DEFENCES, HAVANA, CUBA 201
FORT SAN CARLOS DE BARRANCAS, PENSACOLA BAY, FLORIDA 207
THE PRESIDIO OF SAN FRANCISCO, GOLDEN GATE, CALIFORNIA 215
FORT ADAMS AND NEWPORT’S DEFENSIVE RUINS, NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND 222
FORT MONROE, OLD POINT COMFORT, VIRGINIA 232
FORTS SUMTER AND MOULTRIE, NEAR CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 241
FORT PULASKI, AT MOUTH OF SAVANNAH RIVER, GEORGIA 251
FORTS JACKSON AND ST. PHILIP, AT MOUTH OF THE MISSISSIPPI, LOUISIANA 263
FORT SNELLING, NEAR ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA 268
FORT LARAMIE, AT THE FORKS OF THE PLATTE RIVER, WYOMING 273
THE ALAMO AND FORT SAM HOUSTON, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 279
OTHER WESTERN FORTS: FORT PHIL KEARNEY, NEBRASKA; FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS; FORT FETTERMAN, WYOMING; FORT BRIDGER, WYOMING; FORT KEOGH, MONTANA; FORT DOUGLAS, UTAH 285
FORT VANCOUVER, ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER, WASHINGTON 290
FORT YUMA, AT HEAD OF NAVIGATION, COLORADO RIVER, CALIFORNIA 295
VALLEY FORGE--YORKTOWN--VICKSBURG--LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN-- GETTYSBURG--THE “CRATER” 299
The Ancient Watch-tower of Fort Marion, St. Augustine, Florida _Frontispiece_ (By courtesy of the St. Augustine Historical Society)
Mighty Louisburg To-day, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia: To Sea from the Ruined Walls 2 All That Remains Standing 2