There has been considerable confusion in the use of the terms Norse and Danish. Either has been used to include the other, or, again, in a still wider sense, as synonymous with Scandinavian; as, for instance, when we speak of the Danish kingdoms in Dublin, or Norse elements in Anglo-Saxon. Danish is the language of Denmark, Norse the language of Norway. When I use the term Old Danish I mean that dialect of Old Scandinavian, or Old Northern, that developed on Danish soil. By Old Norse I mean the old language of Norway. The one is East Scandinavian, the other West Scandinavian. The term Scandinavian, being rather political than linguistic, is not a good one, but it has the advantage of being clear, and I have used it where the better one, Northern, might lead to confusion with Northern Scotch.
General Remarks §1 Place-Names and Settlements in Northwestern England §2 Scandinavian Settlements in Southern Scotland §3 Settlements in England, Norse or Danish? The Place-Name Test §4 _By_ in Place-Names. Conclusions as to this Test §5 Characteristics of Old Northern, or Old Scandinavian. Early Dialectal Differentiations §6 Old Norse and Old Danish §7 Remarks §8 Characteristics of Old Northumbrian §9 Remarks. Metathesis of _r_ §10 The Question of Palatalization in Old Northumbrian §11 _Sk_ as a Scandinavian Sign. Certain Words in _sk_. Palatalization in Norse §12 Conclusion as to the Test of Non-palatalization §13. Old and Middle Scotch §14 Some Characteristics of Scotch. O.E. _ă ā_ §15 Curtis's Table §16 O.E. _ō_. A List of Illustrative Words from the Aberdeen Dialect §17 Inorganic _y_ in Scotch §18 _D_ for the Spirant _th_ §19 O.E. _ā_ and O.N. _æi_. How far we can Determine such Words to be of Native or of Norse Origin §20 A List of Some Words that are Norse. Further Remarks §21 Celtic, Lowland Scotch, and Norse §22 Some Words that are not Scandinavian Loanwords §23 Loanword Tests §24 Remarks on the Texts §25
A List of Scandinavian Loanwords taken chiefly from "The Bruce," "The Wallace," Wyntoun's Chronicle, Dunbar, Douglas, Lyndsay, Alexander Scott, Montgomery, Ramsay and Burns.
1. The Dialectal Provenience of Loanwords.
2. (a) The Old Northern Vowels in the Loanwords. Short Vowels, Long Vowels, Diphthongs.