That great mass consists of some 108,500 _villani_, some 82,600 _bordarii_, and some 6,800 _cotarii_ and _coscets_[110]. Though in manor after manor we may find representatives of each of these three classes, we can see that for some important purpose they form but one grand class, and that the term _villanus_ may be used to cover the whole genus as well as to designate one of its three species. In the Exon Domesday a common formula, having stated the number of hides in the manor and the number of teams for which it can find work, proceeds to divide the land and the existing teams between the demesne and the _villani_--the _villani_, it will say, have so many hides and so many teams. Then it will state how many _villani_, _bordarii_, _cotarii_ there are. But it will sometimes fall out that there are no _villani_ if that term is to be used in its specific sense, and so, after having been told that the _villani_ have so much land and so many teams, we learn that the only _villani_ on this manor are _bordarii_[111]. The lines which divide the three species are, we may be sure, much rather economic than legal lines. Of course the law may recognise them upon occasion[112], but we can not say that the _bordarius_ has a different status from that of the _villanus_. In the Leges both fall under the term _villani_; indeed, as hereafter will be seen, that term has sometimes to cover all men who are not _servi_ but are not noble. Nor must we suppose that the economic lines are drawn with much precision or according to any one uniform pattern. Of _villani_ and _bordarii_ we may read in every county; _cotarii_ or _coscets_ in considerable numbers are found only in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Middlesex, Wiltshire, Dorset, Somerset, Berkshire, Hertford and Cambridge, though they are not absolutely unknown in Buckingham, in Devon, in Hereford, Worcester, Shropshire, Yorkshire. We can not tell how the English jurors would have expressed the distinction between _bordarii_ and _cotarii_, for while the _cot_ is English, the _borde_ is French. If we are entitled to draw any inference from the distribution of the cottiers, it would be that the smallest of small tenements were to be found chiefly along the southern shore; but then there are no _cotarii_ in Hampshire, plenty in Sussex, Surrey, Wiltshire and Dorset. Again, in the two shires last mentioned some distinction seems to be taken between the _coscets_ and the _cotarii_, the former being superior to the latter[113]. Two centuries later we find a similar distinction among the tenants of Worcester Priory. There are _cotmanni_ whose rents and services are heavier, and whose tenements are presumably larger than those of the _cotarii_, though the difference is not very great[114].
Real Estate Brief
Domesday Book and Beyond — Part 37
2026-11-16 05:34:07 · The Daily Ledger
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