3. In the fashion of wearing the mantle and dressing the hair,(3) and also in their dialect, the MACEDONIANS bore a great resemblance to the Illyrians; whence it is evident that the Macedonians belonged to the Illyrian nation.(4) Notwithstanding which, there can be no doubt that the Greeks were aboriginal(5) inhabitants of this district. The plains of Emathia, the most beautiful district of the country, were occupied by the Pelasgians,(6) who, according to Herodotus, also possessed Creston above Chalcidice, to which place they had come from Thessaliotis.(7) Hence the Macedonian dialect was full of Greek radical words. And that these had not been introduced by the royal family (which was Hellenic by descent or adoption of manners) is evident from the fact, that many signs of the most simple ideas (which no language ever borrows from another) were the same in both, as well as from the circumstance that these words do not appear in their Greek form, but have been modified according to a native dialect.(8) In the Macedonian dialect there occur grammatical forms which are commonly called Æolic,(9) together with many Arcadian(10) and Thessalian(11) words: and what perhaps is still more decisive, several words, which, though not to be found in the Greek, have been preserved in the Latin language.(12) There does not appear to be any peculiar affinity with the Doric dialect: hence we do not give much credit to the otherwise unsupported assertion of Herodotus, of an original identity of the Doric and Macednian (Macedonian) nations. In other authors Macednus is called the son of Lycaon, from whom the Arcadians were said to be descended;(13) or Macedon is the brother of Magnes, or a son of Æolus, according to Hesiod and Hellanicus,(14) which are merely various attempts to form a genealogical connexion between this semi-barbarian race, and the rest of the Greek nation.(15)
4. The THESSALIANS, as well as the Macedonians, were, as it appears, an Illyrian race, who subdued a native Greek population; but in this case the body of the interlopers was smaller, while the numbers and civilization of the aboriginal inhabitants were considerable. Hence the Thessalians resembled the Greeks more than any of the northern races with which they were connected: hence their language in particular was almost purely Grecian, and indeed bore perhaps a greater affinity to the language of the ancient epic poets than any other dialect.(16) But the chief peculiarities of this nation with which we are acquainted were not of a Grecian character. Of this their national dress,(17) which consisted in part of the flat and broad-brimmed hat καυσία and the chlamys (which last was common to both nations, but was unknown to the Greeks of Homer’s time, and indeed long afterwards,(18) until adopted as the costume of the equestrian order at Athens), is a sufficient example. The Thessalians, moreover, were beyond a doubt the first to introduce into Greece the use of cavalry. More important distinctions however than that first alleged are perhaps to be found in their impetuous and passionate character, and the low state of their intelligence. The taste for the arts shown by the wealthy house of the Scopadæ proves no more that such was the disposition of the whole people, than the existence of the same qualities in Archelaus argues their prevalence in Macedonia. This is sufficient to distinguish them from the race of the Greeks, so highly endowed by nature. We are therefore induced to conjecture that this nation, which a short time before the expedition of the Heraclidæ, migrated from Thesprotia, and indeed from the territory of Ephyra (Cichyrus) into the plain of the Peneus, had originally come from Illyria. On the other hand indeed, many points of similarity in the customs of the Thessalians and Dorians might be brought forward. Thus for example, the love for the male sex (that usage peculiar to the Dorians) was also common among the Illyrians, and the objects of affection were, as at Sparta, called ἀίται;(19) the women also, as amongst the Dorians, were addressed by the title of _ladies_ (δέσποιναι), a title uncommon in Greece, and expressive of the estimation in which they were held.(20) A great freedom in the manners of the female sex was nevertheless customary among the Illyrians, who in this respect bore a nearer resemblance to the northern nations.(21) Upon the whole, however, these migrations from the north had the effect of disseminating among the Greeks manners and institutions which were entirely unknown to their ancestors, as represented by Homer.