138. The inchoative ending _-scĕre_ lost its original sense. The _-īsc-_ type, for verbs of the fourth conjugation, was very widely extended, the _-isc-_ becoming a part of the regular present stem of the fourth conjugation, and disappearing from the infinitive: _finīre_, ✱_finīsco_ ＞ finir, finisc. An obscure substitute for the Latin _-ēsc-_ type produced an ending -eissir -ezir -zir (_dis-pigrēscĕre_ = despereissir, _evanēscĕre_ = envanezir[108]), which was used in forming some new verbs: enfolezir[109] ＜ fǫl, envelhezir ＜ vęlh, envelzir ＜ vil, esclarzir ＜ clar, escürzir ＜ escür oscür, espaorzir ＜ paọr.[110] The _-āsc-_ and _-ōsc-_ types appear in old verbs: _irāscĕre_ ＞ iráisser, _co(g)nōscĕre_ ＞ conọisser.[111]
139. New verbs were formed, in late Vulgar Latin and in Provençal, only in the first and fourth conjugations. The commonest suffixes were _-āre_, _-iāre_, _-icāre_, _-idiāre_ (＜ -ίζειν: § 57, Z), _-īre_: ✱_oblītāre_ ＞ oblidar, ✱_altiāre_ ＞ aussar, ✱_carricāre_ ＞ cargar, ✱_werridiāre_ ＞ guerreiar, ✱_abbellīre_ ＞ abelir. Germanic verbs generally went into the first conjugation, except those in _-jan_, most of which entered the fourth: _roubôn_ ＞ raubar (also raubir), _wîtan_ ＞ guidar; _furbjan_ ＞ forbir.
140. The Latin perfect passive took the sense of a present; _amātus est_, for instance, under the influence of such phrases as _carus est_, came to mean ‘he _is_ loved’. This led to the establishment of an entire passive inflection made up of the perfect participle and the parts of the verb _ĕsse_; and the old passive forms were gradually abandoned, leaving no trace (save the perfect participle and possibly the gerundive) in the Romance languages. So the passive is constructed in Provençal as in French: ẹs amatz, ęra amatz, fọ amatz, será amatz, etc.; the participle regularly agrees with the subject in gender and number. Latin deponent verbs became active: _mŏri_ ＞ morir, _sĕqui_ ＞ seguir.
141. (1) Such phrases as _ĭd habeo factum_ shifted their meaning from ‘I have it done’, etc., to ‘I have done it’, etc. The Latin perfect came to be restricted to its aorist sense, and the perfect was expressed by compounds of _habēre_ with the perfect participle. In the Romance languages all compound tenses were eventually formed in this way: ai cantat, avia cantat, aurai cantat, etc. In Provençal the auxiliary is sometimes ęsser, instead of avẹr, if the main verb is reflexive, passive, or neuter; ęsser is particularly common with neuter verbs of motion: sọi vengütz.[112] A participle used with avẹr may agree in gender and number with the direct object, if there is one: ai cantat _or_ cantada la cansọ.