when n is the length of the edge of the orifice over which the border extends, and p is the whole length of edge or perimeter of the orifice. The following are the values of c_c, when the border extends over ¼, ½, or ¾ of the whole perimeter:--
+--------+-----------------------+--------------------+ | | C_c | C_c | | n/p | Rectangular Orifices. | Circular Orifices. | +--------+-----------------------+--------------------+ | 0.25 | 0.643 | .640 | | 0.50 | 0.667 | .660 | | 0.75 | 0.691 | .680 | +--------+-----------------------+--------------------+
For larger values of n/p the formulae are not applicable. C. R. Bornemann has shown, however, that these formulae for suppressed contraction are not reliable.
§ 23. _Imperfect Contraction._--If the sides of the vessel approach near to the edge of the orifice, they interfere with the convergence of the streams to which the contraction is due, and the contraction is then modified. It is generally stated that the influence of the sides begins to be felt if their distance from the edge of the orifice is less than 2.7 times the corresponding width of the orifice. The coefficients of contraction for this case are imperfectly known.
§ 24. _Orifices Furnished with Channels of Discharge._--These external borders to an orifice also modify the contraction.
The following coefficients of discharge were obtained with openings 8 in. wide, and small in proportion to the channel of approach (fig. 22, A, B, C).
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+ | h2--h1 | h1 in feet. | | in feet |------+-----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | |.0656 |.164 |.328 |.656 |1.640 |3.28 |4.92 |6.56 |9.84 | +-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | A\ | .480 |.511 |.542 |.574 | .599 |.601 |.601 |.601 |.601 | | B > 0.656 | .480 |.510 |.538 |.506 | .592 |.600 |.602 |.602 |.601 | | C/ | .527 |.553 |.574 |.592 | .607 |.610 |.610 |.609 |.608 | | | | | | | | | | | | | A\ | .488 |.577 |.624 |.631 | .625 |.624 |.619 |.613 |.606 | | B > 0.164 | .487 |.571 |.606 |.617 | .626 |.628 |.627 |.623 |.618 | | C/ | .585 |.614 |.633 |.645 | .652 |.651 |.650 |.650 |.649 | +-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+