Les mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français (), published in 12 volumes between 1704 and 1717, was the first European version of The Thousand and One Nights tales.
The French translation by Antoine Galland (1646–1715) derived from an Arabic text of the Syrian recension of the medieval work as well as other sources. It included stories that are not found in the original Arabic manuscripts—the so-called "orphan tales"—such as the famous "Aladdin" and "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves", which first appeared in print in Galland's form.
Immensely popular at the time of initial publication, and enormously influential later, subsequent volumes were introduced using Galland's name although the stories were written by unknown persons at the behest of a publisher wanting to capitalize on their popularity.
History
Galland had come across a manuscript of "The Tale of Sindbad the Sailor" in Constantinople during the 1690s and in 1701 he published his French translation of it. Its success encouraged him to embark on a translation of a 14th-century Syrian manuscript of tales from The Thousand and One Nights. The first two volumes of this work, under the title Les mille et une nuit, appeared in 1704, with volumes three to seven published in 1705 and 1706. Galland translated two more stories, but not enough for another complete volume. Frustrated, Galland's publisher Claude Barbin published these two along with two of François Pétis de la Croix's translations of the Turkish (later published as Les mille et un jours in 1710–12) as the eighth volume in 1709. This outraged Galland, who switched publishers for all subsequent volumes.
Galland translated the first part of his work solely from the Syrian manuscript, but in 1709 he was introduced to a Syrian Christian—a Maronite from Aleppo whom he called Youhenna (“Hanna”) Diab. Galland's diary (March 25, 1709) records that he met Hanna through Paul Lucas, a French traveler who had used him as an interpreter brought him to Paris. Hanna recounted 14 stories to Galland from memory and Galland chose to write them down. At the end of the day, he included seven of them in his books. These are the tales called "Orphan tales" and are actually not translations but new additions directly written by Galland after what he heard from Diab. These new stories include Aladin and Ali Baba. For example, Galland's diary tells that the version of "Aladdin" that he wrote was made in the winter of 1709–10. It was included in his volumes IX and X, published in 1710. The final two volumes were published posthumously in 1717.
Galland adapted his translation to the taste of the times. The immediate success the tales enjoyed was partly due to the vogue for fairy stories—in French, contes de fees—which had been started in France in the 1690s by Galland's friend Charles Perrault. Galland was also eager to conform to the literary canons of the era. He cut many of the erotic passages out along with all of the poetry. This caused Sir Richard Burton to refer to "Galland's delightful abbreviation and adaptation" which "in no wise represent[s] the eastern original."
Galland’s translation was greeted with immense enthusiasm and was soon further translated into many other European languages:
English (a "Grub Street" version of 1706 under the title Arabian Nights Entertainments) German (1712) Italian (1722) Dutch (1732) Russian (1763) Polish (1768)
These produced a wave of imitations and the widespread 18th century fashion for oriental tales.
Contents
Volume 1
Les Mille et une Nuits
"L'Ane, le Boeuf et le Laboureur" ("The Fable of the Ass, the Ox, and the Labourer") "Fable de Chien et du Boeuf" ("The Fable of the Dog and the Ox") "Le Marchand et le Génie" ("The Merchant and the Genie") "Histoire du premier Vieillard-Baron et de la Biche" ("The History of the first Old Man and the Doe") "Histoire du second Vieillard et des deux Chiens noirs" ("The Story of the second Old Man and the two black Dogs") "Histoire du Pècheur" ("The Story of the Fisherman") "Histoire du Roi grec et du Medecin Douban" ("The Story of the Grecian King and the Physician Douban") "Histoire du Mari et du Perroquet" ("History of the Husband and the Parrot") "Histoire du Vizir puni" ("History of the Vizier that was punished") "Histoire du jeune Roi des iles Noires" ("The Story of the young King of the Black Isles") "Histoire de trois Calenders, fils de Roi, et de cinq dames de Bagdad" ("History of three Calendars, Sons of King, and Five Ladies of Bagdad")