In this paper, we analyze the problem of finding the minimum dimension $n$ such that a closed-form analytic map/ordinary differential equation can simulate a Turing machine over $\mathbb{ R}^{ n}$ in a way that is robust to perturbations. We show that one-dimensional closed-form analytic maps are sufficient to robustly simulate Turing machines; but the minimum dimension for the closed-form analytic ordinary differential equations to robustly simulate Turing machines is two, under some reasonable assumptions. We also show that any Turing machine can be simulated by a two-dimensional $C^{ \infty}$ ordinary differential equation on the compact sphere $\mathbb{ S}^{ 2}$.
Categories: math.LO cs.LO