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Vermeer, K., D. A. Manuwal, and D. S. Bingham. 1976. Seabirds and pinnipeds of Sartine Island, Scott Island group, British Columbia. Murrelet 57(1):14-16.
Vermeer, K., and R. Vermeer. 1975. Oil threat to birds on the Canadian west coast. Can. Field-Nat. 89:278-298.
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[5] Data are minimum estimates of pairs and do not include breeding sites with less than 100 birds.
[6] Does not include the black oystercatcher, marbled murrelet, and western gull.
[7] Estimates only for colonies of 100 or more birds.
[11] Data for southeastern Alaska were inadequate to enable estimates of breeding pairs.
[12] Population estimates are minimum and represent numbers of pairs.
[13] Does not include the following species for which population estimates are lacking: black oystercatcher, herring gull, black-legged kittiwake, marbled murrelet, Kittlitz's murrelet.
[14] Data for southeastern Alaska were inadequate to enable estimates of breeding pairs.
THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF MARINE BIRDS IN THE NORTH
Trophic Relations of Seabirds in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea
Point Reyes Bird Observatory Stinson Beach, California 94970
National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Mammal Division Seattle, Washington
Literature on the diets of seabirds is reviewed for 70 species found in five subarctic oceanographic regions of the northeastern North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. Species inhabiting estuaries and sheltered bays are not included. The diets of cormorants, marine ducks, alcids, and marine raptors are best known; less information is available for loons, grebes, petrels, and gulls. Enough is known, however, to broadly characterize the diet of each species. Less than 7% of all species feed on one type of prey, about 60% feed on two or three types, and the rest feed on four or more types. Only 12% of all species feed on eight or more types of prey. Most seabirds (77%) feed as secondary and tertiary carnivores. Where overlap in diet exists, seabirds partition resources through use of different feeding methods, selection of different-sized prey, and zonation of habitat. Species that have specialized diets are probably more susceptible than others to local environmental catastrophes. Species whose feeding methods are highly adapted for exploitation of resources in polar and subpolar habitats are not adapted for coping with oil pollution. Competition between birds and man for marine resources can sometimes benefit seabirds and at other times harm them. More research is needed on seabird feeding relations so that the ecological roles played by marine birds can be defined and placed in perspective. Such work should be conducted at the community level, year-round, and should be so conducted as to facilitate comparison with biological oceanographic data.