β, coming from b or v, became v; except in the west and a part of the centre, where, if it remained intervocalic, it changed to b: _habētis_ ＞ avętz abętz, _debēre_ ＞ devẹr debẹr, _faba_ ＞ fava faba; _avārum_ ＞ avar, _æstīva_ ＞ estiva, _brĕvem_ ＞ bręu,[43] _clavem_ ＞ clau, _dīe Jŏvis_ ＞ diiǫus, _lĕvat_ ＞ lęva, _novĕlla_ ＞ novęla nabęra (Gascon), _vīvus_ ＞ vius. When the preceding or following vowel was o or u, a β before the accent fell in most dialects, being fused with the vowel: _abŭndare_ ＞ aondar abondar, _gŭbĕrnare_ ＞ goernar governar, proclitic _ŭbĭ_ ＞ ọ, _prŏbare_ ＞ proar, _sŭbĭnde_ ＞ soẹn sovẹn sobẹn, _trĭbūtum_ ＞ treüt; _Lŭdovīcus_ ＞ Lozoics, _Provĭncia_ ＞ Proẹnsa Provẹnsa, _novĕllum_ ＞ noęl novęl, _novĕmbrem_ ＞ noembre novembre, _pavōnem_ ＞ paọn, _pavōrem_ ＞ paọr (cf. § 55, V).
1. The perfect endings _-avi_ etc., _-ivi_ etc. had lost their v in Latin. For avia, etc., see § 87, β.
2. _Abans_, beside _avanz_, _avan_ ＜ _ab_ _ante_, apparently shows the influence of Pr. _ab_ = _apud_. _Abet_ ＜ _abiĕtem_ (§ 40, 1) is unexplained: cf. Italian _abete_. _Abora_ is a Provençal compound of _ab_ and _ora_. _Trap_, beside _trau_ ＜ _trabem_, is doubtless from the nominative _traps_ ＜ _trabs_, which seems to have been differentiated in meaning from the V. L. nominative _trabis_.
3. _Brey_, _grey_, _ney_, beside _breu_ ＜ _brĕvem,_ _greu_ ＜ ✱_grĕvem_, _neu_ ＜ _nĭvem_ (cf. § 25, 1, e), have been subjected to the attraction of _grey_ ＜ _grĕgem_, _ley_ ＜ _lēgem_. _Greug_ is a post-verbal noun from _greuiar_ ＜ ✱_grĕviare_.
4. _Natiz_ = _natius_ ＜ _natīvus_ seems to have been influenced by _mestis_ ＜ _mixtīcius_. _Massis_ is from ✱_massīcius_.
5. _Paziment_ = _pavamen_ owes its z perhaps to the analogy of _aizimen_.
6. In purely learned words, _b_ and _v_ were written as in Latin: _diabol_, _diluvi_.
C, from the 4th to the 6th century, was voiced to g, and then developed like any other g. See G.
1. After au, apparently, c did not change: ✱_auca_ (＜ ✱_avĭca_ ＜ _avis_) ＞ _auca_, _pauca_ ＞ _pauca_, _rauca_ ＞ _rauca_, ✱_traucare_ (? ＜ ✱_trabucare_) ＞ traucar. Cf. § 65, P, 3.
2. In purely learned words, c remained unchanged: _vocal_. _Alucar_ _aluchar_, _aluc_ seem to be learned formations patterned after _antelucānus_ and Low Latin _lucānus_.