"Gorhoffedd Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd", sometimes known in English as "Hywel's Boast", has historically been considered a poem by the mid-12th-century prince, warrior and poet Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd. However, some scholars now believe it to be two quite separate poems by Hywel which have become fused together in the process of manuscript transmission. It is his best-known work. In the first half the poet expresses his love of his native Gwynedd – its scenery, its men and women – and boasts of his own prowess in defending them; in the second he praises several Welsh ladies and tells us how many of them are sexual conquests of his. According to the writer Gwyn Williams, "The sharpness and clarity of the North Wales landscape has never been so well caught in words, nor have tenderness and humour been better mingled in the expression of love".
Summary
Beginning with the image of the grave of Rhufawn Befr, washed by the "foaming white wave", the poet lists those aspects of Gwynedd that he loves: its landscapes of sea-coast, flourishing lowland and wild mountain, and its sturdy soldiers and beautiful women. He boasts of his own exploits in battle before returning to the image of the wave-washed grave. He praises the nightingale and the coast of Meirionnydd, "where I had a white arm for pillow", then tells us that he has ridden as far as Rheged, far to the north, where he yearns for "a new prize" in Tegeingl. "A lover in Ovid's fashion", the poet prays God to be mindful of him when dying. He then evokes the white wave one more time.
Saluting "the chief of enchanters", the poet announces his intention of praising those women of Wales "who rule my word-craft". He names them one by one, with a few words of description: Gwenlliant, "summer's glow"; Gweirfyl, "my gift, my grace, never won"; Gwladus, "shy girlish child-bride"; Lleucu, whose "mate will not laugh when hard-pressed"; Nest, "fair as an apple-blossom"; Perweur, "centre of my sin"; Generys, "who cured not my lust"; Hunydd, "concern till doomsday"; and Hawis, "my choice for courtship". He counts up the number of the eight he "had", concluding with the comment that it would be best for him to bite his tongue.
Date and nature of the "Gorhoffedd"
Though the "Gorhoffedd" had previously been treated, in the original manuscripts and by later scholars, as two poems, the Celticist John Lloyd-Jones argued in 1948 that it was in fact "a fusion of two distinct and independent poems, one in praise of country and the other a forthright love poem". This view has been supported by Thomas J. Clancy, Tony Conran and Gwyn Jones, but is not held by Oliver Padel or Michaela Jaques The "Gorhoffedd", or the first of the two poems comprising it, can be dated by internal evidence to the period between 1140 and 1167, and was evidently written in Scotland, perhaps while Hywel was on a diplomatic mission to Dumbarton.
Metre
The "Gorhoffedd" is an awdl, a long poem in the traditional metres making use of a sequence of monorhymes. In the first section (or poem) the metre is mostly cyhydedd naw ban, which typically uses lines of nine syllables with four stresses to the line. In the second section (or poem) the metre varies between byr a thoddaid (couplets of ten and six syllables) and cyhydedd fer (couplets of eight syllables per line). One monorhyme is used for lines 1 to 27, a second for lines 28 to 42, a third for lines 43 to 67, and a fourth for lines 68 to 83.