Malaysia practises an elective monarchy, so there is no distinct line of succession to the Malaysian thrones. In the event where the current seat of the throne falls vacant (due to death, incapacitation or resignation), the Conference of Rulers meet to elect the new Yang di-Pertuan Agong (monarch) from among the rulers of the nine Malay states. The deputy king does not automatically succeed the throne. The election is regulated by Article 32 of the Constitution of Malaysia.
By convention, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong has been elected by the established order of seniority of the states.
Federal throne
States' throne
States' thrones are as follows.
Negeri Sembilan
Negeri Sembilan is unique in that it is the only State in Malaysia which practices an elective monarchy instead of a linear dynasty. The four largest luak (districts) in Negeri Sembilan each elect an Undang (viceroy), who are also the kingmakers of the State. When the position of the Yamtuan Besar falls vacant, the four Undangs will be called upon to appoint a successor among the Princes of Four. They are the Tunku Besar of Seri Menanti (currently Tunku Ali Redhauddin), the Tunku Laksamana (currently Tunku Naquiyuddin), the Tunku Muda of Serting (currently Tunku Imran) and the Tunku Panglima Besar (currently Tunku Nadzaruddin). The current Yamtuan Besar is Tuanku Muhriz.
Selangor
Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (1926–2001) Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah (born 1945) (1) Tengku Amir Shah, Raja Muda, the Crown Prince (born 1990) (2) Tengku Sulaiman Shah, Tengku Laksamana (born 1950) (3) Tengku Shakirinal Sulaiman Shah (born 1980) (4) Tengku Mahmood Shakirinal Shah (born 2010) (5) Tengku Sulaiman Shakirinal Shah (born 2013) (6) Tengku Abdulaziz Shakirinal Shah (born 2017) (7) Tengku Salehuddin Sulaiman Shah, Tengku Indera Bijaya Diraja (born 1982) (8) Tengku Ibrahim Salehuddin Shah (born 2014) (9) Tengku Shahrain Sulaiman Shah (born 1985) (10) Tengku Shariffuddin Sulaiman Shah (born 1987) (11) Tengku Abdul Samad Shah, Tengku Panglima Besar (born 1953) (12) Tengku Musahiddin Shah, Tengku Seri Perkasa Diraja (born 1984) (13) Tengku Ahmad Shah, Tengku Panglima Raja (born 1955) (14) Tengku Alam Shah Ammiruddin (born 1982)
Perlis
Tuanku Syed Putra (1920–2000) Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin (born 1943) (1) Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra, Raja Muda, the Crown Prince (born 1967) (2) Syed Sirajuddin Areeb Putra (born 2009) (3) Syed Badaruddin, Tengku Sharif Bendahara (born 1945) (4) Syed Mashafuddin (born 1974) (5) Syed Amir Zainal Abidin, Tengku Sharif Temenggong (born 1950) (6) Syed Budriz Putra, Engku Maharaja Lela Setia Paduka of Selangor (born 1972) (7) Syed Aqil Harrith (born 2001) (8) Syed Razlan, Tengku Sharif Laksamana (born 1951) (9) Syed Muhammad Hazrain (born 1978) (10) Syed Hazriq (born 2012) (11) Syed Hazriv (born 2013) (12) Syed Muhammad Hafiz (born 1981) (13) Syed Zainol Anwar, Tengku Sharif Panglima (born 1952) (14) Syed Haizam Hishamuddin Putra, Engku Panglima Setia Diraja of Selangor (born 1983) (15) Syed Azlan Salahuddin Putra (16) Syed Jufri Ziauddin Putra (born 1992) (17) Syed Ayden Husain Mateen Aziz Putra (18) Syed Zainal Rashid (born 1953) (19) Syed Azni (born 1954) (20) Syed Fariz Naqiuddin (born 1985) (21) Syed Haniff Iskandar (born 1992) (22) Syed Badlishah (born 1958) (23) Syed Fezriq (born 1980) (24) Syed Felsham (born 1984) (25) Syed Fernash (born 1988)
Terengganu
Sultan Mahmud al-Muktafi billah Shah (1930–1998) Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin (born 1962) (1) Tengku Muhammad Ismail, Yang di-Pertuan Muda, the Crown Prince (born 1998) (2) Tengku Muhammad Mua’az, Tengku Sri Setia Mahkota Raja (born 2000) (3) Tengku Mustafa Kamil, Tengku Sri Bendahara Raja (born 1968) (4) Tengku Sharif Mahmud (5) Tengku Daniel Haqim (6) Tengku Nabil al-Muktafi (7) Tengku Badrul Zaman, Tengku Sri Panglima Raja (born 1974) (8) Tengku Muhammad Ryan Faiz (9) Tengku Reyad Feysal (10) Tengku Badrulhisham Baharuddin, Tengku Sri Temenggung Raja (born 1976) (11) Tengku Muhammad Ashman (12) Tengku Muhammad Ariesh (13) Tengku Muhammad Ozaer (14) Tengku Muhammad Adreez (15) Tengku Muhammad Mahmud Akbar Nasreddine Haqqani
Kedah
Sultan Badlishah (1894–1958) Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (1927–2017) Sultan Sallehuddin (born 1942) (1) Tengku Sarafuddin Badlishah, Raja Muda, the Crown Prince (born 1967) (2) Tunku Sulaiman Badlishah (born 2007) (3) Tunku Shazuddin Ariff, Tunku Mahkota, Deputy Crown Prince (born 1970) (4) Tunku Abdul Hamid Thani, Tunku Bendahara (born 1951)