33. Cl. L. ō, ŭ ＞ V. L. ọ ＞ Pr. ọ, which developed into ụ probably during the literary period: _dolōrem_ ＞ dolọr, _spōnsa_ ＞ espọsa, _flōrem_ ＞ flọr; _bŭcca_ ＞ bọca, _gŭla_ ＞ gọla.
1. An irregular ǫ, which is found in some words, goes back to Vulgar Latin: cǫbra = _re-cŭperat_, cǫsta (also ọ) = _cōnstat_, nǫra = _nŭra_, ǫu = _ōvum_, plǫia = _plŭvia_, redǫbla = ✱_redŭplat_, sǫbra = _sŭperat_, suefre = _sŭffero_. V. L. ✱_cŏperat_ may be regarded as a fusion of _cŭperat_ and ✱_cŏperit_ (§ 40, 1; cf. _Rom._ XXXI, 9); ✱_cŏstat_ is unexplained; ✱_nŏra_ shows the influence of _sŏror_ and _sŏcĕra_; the _ŏ_ of ✱_ŏvum_ has been explained as due to differentiation from the following _v_; ✱_plŏia_ is to be connected with the popular _plŏvĕre_ (cf. Meyer-Lübke, _Einf._, § 142); ✱_sŏperat_ follows the analogy of ✱_cŏperat_; ✱_sŏffero_ evidently follows _ŏffero_. Redǫbla (also ọ) is not accounted for. If trǫba has anything to do with _tŭrbat_, it was perhaps influenced by _prŏbat_ (cf. _Zs._, XXVIII, 50). Engǫissa ＜ V. L. ✱_angŏstia_ = _angŭstia_. See A. Thomas, _Nouveaux essais de philologie française_, 1904, 339.
2. Some words have ü: iüs (also iọs) ＜ _deōrsum_ shows the influence of süs ＜ _sūrsum_; lür (usually lọr) ＜ _illōrum_ (cf. _lur_ in the dialects of Navarre and Aragon) comes through an ✱_illūrum_ due to the analogy of _illūi_ = _illi_; melhüra (ọ), peiüra (ọ) perhaps follow aüra ＜ ✱_a(u)gūrat_; rancüra is a mixture of _rancōrem_ and _cūra_; üis is from V. L. _ūstium_ = _ōstium_ (cf. _Zs._, XXV, 355); üpa ＜ _ŭpŭpa_ is due to onomatopœia.
3. The adverbs _ar_, _ara_, _er_, _era_, _eras_, meaning ‘now,’ are hardly to be connected with _hōra_. Meyer-Lübke takes _era_, etc., from a Latin ✱_era_ corresponding to Greek άρα; _ara_, _ar_ may come directly from άρα, άρ: cf. _Gr._, III, 552, note.
4. _Tonleu_, ‘tariff,’ from τελώνιον, shows double metathesis. For _adoutz_, ‘fount,’ see A. Thomas, _Essais de philologie française_, 1897, 205.
34. Before tš, dž (and it, id), before n´, and before final i, an ọ becomes ü in various dialects: _cōgĭtat_ ＞ cüia cüida, ✱_stŭdiat_ ＞ estüia, _fŭgit_ ＞ füg, _refŭgium_ ＞ refüg; _jŭngĕre_ ＞ iünher, _ŭngĕre_ ＞ ünher, _pŭgnum_ ＞ pünh; _dŭī_ ＞ düi, _sŭm_ ＞ sọ + i ＞ süi. The ü before tš, dž apparently occurs everywhere except in Dauphiné; before n´ it is to be found in nearly all the dialects of the north and west; before final i it seems to be limited to Bordeaux, Auvergne, and a part of Languedoc.