[24] Caesar, _B.G._ II, 20: vexillum proponendum, quod erat insigne, quum ad arma concurri oporteret.
[25] Tacitus, _Hist._ V, 22: Namque praetoriam navem vexillo insignem, illic ducem rati, abripiunt.
[26] _De Re Militari_, III, 5: "Muta signa sunt aquilae, dracones, vexilla, flammulae, tufae, pinnae. Quocunque enim haec ferri iusserit ductor, eo necesse est signum suum comitantes milites pergant." He is here using the word _signum_ in the sense of signal, and divides these signals into _vocalia_ or orders given by word of mouth, _semi-vocalia_ or those given by trumpet, and _muta_ or those denoted by the movement of the standards.
[27] Du Cange, _Glossarium_: Tufa genus vexilli apud Romanos ex confertis plumarum globis.
[29] _De Bello Civili_, II, 6: Conspirataeque naves triremes duae navem D. Brut quae ex insigni facile agnosci poterant, duabus ex partibus sese in eam incitaverant.
[30] Appian, V, 111: ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ παρακλήσει τὰ στρατηγικὰ σημεῖα, ὡς ἐν κινδύνῳ μάλιστα ὤν, ἀπέθετο. [Greek: epi de tê paraklêsei ta stratêgika sêmeia, hôs en kindynô malista ôn, apetheto.]
[31] Dio, LI, 21: σημείῳ κυανοειδεῖ ναυκρατητικῷ [Greek: sêmeiô kyanoeidei naukratêtikô]. Suetonius II: caeruleo vexillo donavit.
[33] Alemannus, _De Lateranensibus parietinis_.
[34] _De Rebus Hispaniae_, III, 18: Arabum ... qui sua capita tegunt vittis, ... habentes vestis diversis coloribus variegatas, tenentes gladios et ballistas, et vexilla in altum tensa.
[35] _Germania_, VII: effigiesque et signa quaedam detracta lucis in praelium ferunt.
[37] "There in the midst of all, the guiding star of the whole army, floated the consecrated banner, the gift of Rome and of Hildebrand.... There rode the chief of all, the immediate leader of that choicest and central division, the mighty Duke himself." Freeman, _Norman Conquest_, 2nd edition, III, 463. It is true that (p. 465) Freeman says "I cannot see the banner in the tapestry," but if he was looking for a "banner" he certainly would not find one at this early date, and Wace (v, 11451) expressly says that it was a "gonfanon": "L'Apostoile...un gonfanon li enveia." Freeman supposes (p. 768) that at this point Eustace is giving advice to which William will not listen, but surely this is a misconception of a striking incident spiritedly portrayed by the designer.