^A. miniata.^ Pentagonal; somewhat raised in center; about one and a half inches across; edges sharp. Found on the California coast close to shore. (Plate LIII.)
^S. endeca.^ Dark red in color; nine to eleven arms, which are shorter than the breadth of the disk; diameter of disk about five inches; two rows of ambulacra; surface rather smooth. Common on the coast of Maine, and found from Cape Cod to Newfoundland below low-water mark.
^S. decemradiata.^ This species is common on the North Pacific coast. It has ten arms, which are about twice the length of the diameter of the body, the whole body being about a foot across. (Plate LIII.)
^C. papposus.^ Twelve to fifteen arms, half as long as the breadth of the body; upper surface an open network of calcareous rods, or ossicles; at their points of union are club-shaped tubercles bearing tufts of smaller spines; concentric lines and spots of red and purple over the spiny upper surface; color light underneath. Common on the New England coast. (Plate LIII.)
^C. sanguinolenta.^ This species is abundant north of Cape Cod and is found of all sizes from half an inch to two inches in diameter and of various colors--purple, orange, red, yellow, flesh-color, etc. It has five round arms, generally about four times as long as the breadth of the disk. The ends are often turned upward. It is covered with crowded short spines, like little warts, which give it a nearly smooth surface. It has two rows of ambulacra. It moves with two of its arms turned forward, as if they were dragging the other three behind them. Unlike most species, the young are not free-swimming, but the eggs are carried around the mouth of the mother, and the young are retained there until they are capable of taking care or themselves. (Plate LIV.)
^E. sentus.^ This species occurs close to shore in the waters of Florida and is perhaps the most commonly observed species on the beach. It extends as far north as New Jersey. It is purplish in color, and about four and a half inches in diameter, with two rows of ambulacra, five arms, and a surface rough with spines. [pg212]
^H. multiradiata.^ Spines on the upper surface of rays in five rows, but close to the disk proper become reduced to one row. Found on the coasts of Lower California and Mexico. (Plate LIV.)