[21] /Cf./ Some Current Substitutes for Irish, by W. A. McLaughlin, /Dialect Notes/, vol. iv, pt. ii.
[22] /Spiggoty/, originating at Panama, now means a native of any Latin-American region under American protection, and in general any Latin-American. It is navy slang, but has come into extensive civilian use. It is a derisive daughter of "No /spik/ Inglese."
[23] /Cf./ Reaction to Personal Names, by Dr. C. P. Oberndorf, /Psychoanalytic Review/, vol. v, no. 1, January, 1918, p. 47 /et seq./ This, so far as I know, is the only article in English which deals with the psychological effects of surnames upon their bearers. Abraham, Silberer and other German psychoanalysts have made contributions to the subject. Dr. Oberndorf alludes, incidentally, to the positive social prestige which goes with an English air, and, to a smaller extent, with a French air in America. He tells of an Italian who changed his patronymic of /Dipucci/ into /de Pucci/ to make it more "aristocratic." And of a German bearing the genuinely aristocratic name of /von Landsschaffshausen/ who changed it to "a typically English name" because the latter seemed more distinguished to his neighbors.
[24] The effects of race antagonism upon language are still to be investigated. The etymology of /slave/ indicates that the inquiry might yield interesting results. The word /French/, in English, is largely used to suggest sexual perversion. In German anything /Russian/ is barbarous, and /English/ education hints at flagellation. The French, for many years, called a certain contraband appliance a /capote Anglaise/, but after the /entente cordiale/ they changed the name to /capote Allemande/. The common English name to this day is /French letter/. /Cf./ The Criminal, by Havelock Ellis; London, 1910, p. 208.
[25] /Cf./ The Jews, by Maurice Fishberg; New York, 1911, ch. xxii, and especially p. 485 /et seq./
[26] The English Jews usually change /Levy/ to /Lewis/, a substitution almost unknown in America. They also change /Abraham/ to /Braham/ and /Moses/ to /Moss/. /Vide/ Surnames, Their Origin and Nationality, by L. B. McKenna; Quincy (Ill.), 1913, pp. 13-14.
[27] For these observations of name changes among the Jews I am indebted to Abraham Cahan.