XII.—SOCRATES 52 1. His Personal Character 52 2. Socrates and Aristophanes 55 3. The Condemnation of Socrates 57 4. The Genius of Socrates 60 5. Sources of the Philosophy of Socrates 61 6. Universal Character of the Philosophizing of Socrates 62 7. The Socratic Method 64 8. The Socratic Doctrine concerning Virtue 66
XIII.—THE PARTIAL DISCIPLES OF SOCRATES 67 1. Their Relation to the Socratic Philosophy 67 2. Antisthenes and the Cynics 68 3. Aristippus and the Cyrenians 69 4. Euclid and the Megarians 70 5. Plato as the complete Socraticist 71
XIV.—PLATO 72 I. PLATO’S LIFE 72 1. His Youth 72 2. His Years of Discipline 73 3. His Years of Travel 73 4. His Years of Instruction 74
II. THE INNER DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLATONIC PHILOSOPHY AND WRITINGS 75
III. CLASSIFICATION OF THE PLATONIC SYSTEM 82
IV. THE PLATONIC DIALECTICS 83 1. Conception of Dialectics 83 2. What is Science? 84 (1.) As opposed to Sensation 84 (2.) The Relation of Knowing to Opinion 86 (3.) The Relation of Science to Thinking 86 3. The Doctrine of Ideas in its Genesis 87 4. Positive Exposition of the Doctrine of Ideas 91 5. The Relation of Ideas to the Phenomenal World 93 6. The Idea of the Good and the Deity 95
V. THE PLATONIC PHYSICS 96 1. Nature 96 2. The Soul 98
VI. THE PLATONIC ETHICS 100 1. Good and Pleasure 100 2. Virtue 102 3. The State 102
XVI.—ARISTOTLE 108 I. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ARISTOTLE 108 II. UNIVERSAL CHARACTER AND DIVISION OF THE ARISTOTELIAN PHILOSOPHY 109 III. LOGIC AND METAPHYSICS 112 1. Conception and Relation of the Two 112 2. Logic 113 3. Metaphysics 115 (1.) The Aristotelian Criticism of the Platonic Doctrine of Ideas 116 (2.) The Four Aristotelian Principles, or Causes, and the Relation of Form and Matter 120 (3.) Potentiality and Actuality 123 (4.) The Absolute Divine Spirit 124 IV. THE ARISTOTELIAN PHYSICS 127 1. Motion, Matter, Space, and Time 127 2. The Collective Universe 128 3. Nature 129 4. Man 129 V. THE ARISTOTELIAN ETHICS 131 1. Relation of Ethics to Physics 131 2. The Highest Good 132 3. Conception of Virtue 134 4. The State 135 VI. THE PERIPATETIC SCHOOL 136 VII. TRANSITION TO THE POST-ARISTOTELIAN PHILOSOPHY 137
XVII.—STOICISM 138 1. Logic 139 2. Physics 140 3. Ethics 142 (1.) Respecting the Relation of Virtue to Pleasure 142 (2.) The View of the Stoics concerning External Good 142 (3.) Farther Verification of this View 143 (4.) Impossibility of furnishing a System of Concrete Moral Duties from this Standpoint 143