He did not seek employment in the field in the aggressive wars of Napoleon, remaining a sincere republican, but in 1814, when France itself was once more in danger, Carnot at once offered his services. He was made a general of division, and Napoleon sent him to the important fortress of Antwerp as governor. His defence of that place was one of the most brilliant episodes of the campaign of 1814. On his return to Paris he addressed a political memoir to the restored king of France, which aroused much attention both in France and abroad. He joined Napoleon during the Hundred Days and was made minister of the interior, the office carrying with it the dignity of count, and on the 2nd of June he was made a peer of France. On the second Restoration he was proscribed. He lived thenceforward in Magdeburg, occupying himself still with science. But his health rapidly declined, and he died at Magdeburg on the 2nd of August 1823. His remains were solemnly removed to the Panthéon in 1889. Long before this, in 1836, Antwerp had erected a statue to its defender of 1814. In 1837 Arago pronounced his _éloge_ before the Académie des Sciences. The sincerity of his patriotism and his political convictions was proved in 1801-1804 and in 1814. The memory of his military career is preserved in the title, given to him in the Assembly, of "The organizer of victory." His sons, Sadi and L. Hippolyte, are separately noticed.
AUTHORITIES.--Baron de B..., _Vie privée, politique, et morale de L.N.M. Carnot_ (Paris, 1816); Sérieys, _Carnot, sa vie politique et privée_ (Paris, 1816); Mandar, _Notice biographique sur le général Carnot_, &c. (Paris, 1818); W. Körte, _Das Leben L.N.M. Carnots_ (Leipzig, 1820); P.F. Tissot, _Mémoires historiques et militaires sur Carnot_ (Paris, 1824); Arago, _Biographie de Carnot_ (Paris, 1850); Hippolyte Carnot, _Mémoires sur Carnot_ (Paris, 1863); C. Rémond, _Notice biographique sur le grand Carnot_ (Dijon 1880); A. Picaud, _Carnot, l'organisateur de la victoire_ (Paris, 1885 and 1887); A. Burdeau, _Une Famille de patriotes_ (Paris, 1888); L. Hennet, _Lazare Carnot_ (Paris, 1888); G. Hubbard, _Une Famille républicaine_ (Paris, 1888); M. Dreyfous, _Les Trois Carnot_ (Paris, 1888); M. Bonnal, _Carnot, d'après les archives_, &c. (Paris, 1888); and memoir by E. Charavaray in _La Grande Encyclopédie._