Developed as a naval patrol aircraft, the Consolidated PBY Catalina was a widely exported flying boat during World War II. Over the course of the conflict it served with a number of different nations in a variety of roles. In the Royal Australian Air Force, PBYs and PB2Bs (a variant built by Boeing in Canada) served as multi role bombers and scouts, the type eventually earning great renown among Australian aircrews. The motto of the Catalina squadrons was "The First and Furthest."
Background
Originally designed by Consolidated Aircraft as a patrol bomber with a long operational range, the PBY was soon adapted to fill a multitude of roles. With war planners becoming increasingly conscious to the possibility of a future conflict in the Pacific Ocean, the U.S. Navy invested millions of dollars in the 1930s into developing flying boats. Flying boats had the advantage of not requiring runways, in effect leaving the entire ocean available for landing if weather conditions permitted. Several designs for flying boats were considered, with some being developed in small numbers, but the PBY was the most widely used and produced.
Operational history
The PBY Catalina was widely utilized by the Royal Australian Air Force in the Pacific Theater. In keeping with the trend set by the Royal Air Force, the aircraft was commonly known as the Catalina while in Australian service.
The Royal Australian Air Force ordered its first 18 PBY-5s in 1940, intending to use them for naval patrols. However, following the declaration of war on the Japanese Empire by the British Empire and its Commonwealth, the Catalinas were pressed into a number of different roles. The initial Japanese offensives in Southeast Asia were immensely successful, with the Fall of Singapore in February 1942 leading to the abandonment of the Singapore strategy and the adoption of a policy of general withdraw being enacted by the Australian armed forces. This turn of events isolated tens of thousands of Allied soldiers and civilians from Allied controlled territories. In response, RAAF Catalinas (among other aircraft) formed a rapid evacuation service from Java for hundreds of evacuees who were ferried to the port of Broome, Western Australia. During the last weeks of February 1942 more than 7000 people were successfully transported to Broome. Concerned with the evacuations and seeking to limit Allied bomber activity, the Japanese attacked Broome on 3 March 1942, destroying eight Catalinas along with 14 other aircraft. The attack led to a period referred to as the Western Australian emergency of March 1942, during which Catalinas were deployed to scout for a possible Japanese invasion force.
After the Fall of Rabaul in February 1942 the Catalina squadrons became the RAAF's only offensive weapon against the Japanese. They were soon attacking Japanese targets in Lae, Salamaua and Rabaul. On 27 June, each squadron contributed an aircraft to a four-hour raid over Lae and Salamaua during which, as well as bombs, the RAAF crews of No. 20 Squadron dropped empty beer bottles to disrupt the Japanese soldiers' sleep.
Catalinas had a reputation for being confused with the Japanese Kawanishi H6K flying boat. In one instance, a Catalina returning from a bombing mission was mistaken for a H6K by the pilot of a USN Grumman F4F Wildcat fighter and attacked. The American pilot later stated that the red markings of the standard RAF roundel (which was still used by the RAAF at that time) confused him into believing that the aircraft was Japanese. This incident led the RAAF to remove the red from the British roundel, and in doing so created the modern RAAF roundel.
The PBY Catalina was also employed by the RAAF as a long range bomber and mine-layer. The Catalinas excelled in the latter role, for while their low speed made them vulnerable to fighters, it also allowed them to accurately lay mines while flying. Four squadrons laid mines from April 1943 to July 1945 in the southwest Pacific. These operations blockaded ports and shipping routes. They also forced Japanese shipping into waters where American submarines were present. RAAF mining missions were often conducted at night to minimize the risk of interception and were hazardous, with some aircraft flying as low as above the surface to perform an accurate drop. These operations could last over 20 hours. In 1944 RAAF Catalinas flew missions to the Philippines and laid naval mines in Manila Bay to interdict the Japanese navy and prevent their intervention in the Battle of Mindoro. The motto of the crews who conducted these operations was "The First and the Furthest."