In addition to the great continents there were many lesser regions, peninsulas and islands, usually on the borders of the main areas of characterization, where intermingling of types was sure to arise, and other types be formed, who in turn received some particular impress from their environment.
These considerations prompt me to offer the following as the most appropriate scheme in the present condition of science for the subdivision of the species Man into its several races or varieties.
I. THE EURAFRICAN RACE.--_Traits._--Color white, hair wavy, nose narrow, jaws straight, skull variable, languages inflectional, religions ideal.
II. THE AUSTAFRICAN RACE.--_Traits._--Color black, hair woolly, nose flat, jaws protruding, skull long, languages agglutinative, religions material.
III. THE ASIAN RACE.--_Traits._--Color yellowish or brownish, hair straight, nose flat or medium, jaws straight, skull broad and high, languages isolating or agglutinative, religions material.
IV. THE AMERICAN RACE.--_Traits._--Color coppery, hair straight, nose narrow, jaws straight, skull variable, languages incorporating, religions ideal.
V. INSULAR OR LITORAL PEOPLES.--_Traits._--Color dark, hair lank or wavy, languages agglutinative.
In this scheme the more prominent and permanent traits are named first. While individuals of pure blood can easily be found in all the races who do not correspond in all particulars to these descriptions, I do not hesitate to assert that ninety-five per cent. of the whole of the pure blood of any of the races here classified will correspond to the standards given.
_Subdivisions of Races._--The further subdivisions of ethnography follow to some extent the important doctrine of the “areas of characterization,” that is, they are geographical; but as the classification of men advances in minuteness, other considerations become paramount, notably, language and government. These elements allow us to subdivide a _race_ into its _branches_; a branch into its _stocks_; a stock into its _groups_, and these again into _tribes_, _peoples_, or _nations_.
Classified in this manner, the human species presents the subdivisions shown on the adjacent scheme:
-----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+---------------------- _Race._ | _Traits._ |_Branches._| _Stocks._ |_Groups or Peoples._ -----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+---------------------- | | | { |1. Libyan. | | I. |1. Hamitic. { |2. Egyptian. |Color white. |South | { |3. East African. | | Medit- | { |1. Arabian. Eurafrican.|Hair wavy. | erranean. |2. Semitic. { |2. Abyssynian. | | | { |3. Chaldean. | | II. |1. Euskaric. |1. Euskarian. |Nose Narrow. |North |2. Aryac. |Indo-Germanic or | | Medit- | | Celtindic peoples. | | erranean. |3. Caucasic. |Peoples of the | | | | Caucasus. -----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+---------------------- | | |1. Central |Dwarfs of the Congo. | | I. | African. | |Color black | Negrillo. |2. South |Bushmen, Hottentots. | or dark. | | African. | | | |1. Nilotic. |Nubian. | | II. |2. Soudanese. | Austafri- |Hair frizzly.| Negro. |3. Senegambian.| can. | | |4. Guinean. | |Nose broad. | III. | |Caffres and Congo | | Negroid. |1. Bantu. | tribes. -----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+---------------------- | | I. { |1. Chinese. |Chinese. |Color yellow | Sinitic. { |2. Thibetan. |Natives of Thibet. | or olive. | { |3. Indo- |Burmese, Siamese. | | | Chinese. | | | { |1. Tungusic. |Manchus, Tungus. Asian. |Hair | { |2. Mongolic. |Mongols, Kalmucks. | straight. | II. { |3. Tataric. |Turks, Cossacks. |Nose medium. | Sibiric. { |4. Finnic. |Finns, Magyars. | | { |5. Arctic. |Chukchis, Ainos. | | { | 6. Japanic. |Japanese, Koreans. -----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+---------------------- | | { |1. Arctic. |Eskimos. |Color | I. { |2. Atlantic. |Tinneh, Algonkins, |coppery. |Northern. { | | Iroquois. American. |Hair straight| { |3. Pacific. |Chinooks, Kolosh, etc. | or wavy. | II. { |1. Mexican. |Nahuas, Tarascos. | |Central. { |2. Isthmian. |Mayas, Chapanecs. |Nose medium. | III. { |1. Atlantic. |Caribs, Arawaks, | |Southern. { | | Tupis. | | { |2. Pacific. |Chibehas, Qquichuas. -----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+---------------------- |Color dark. | I. { |1. Negrito. |Mincopies, Aetas. Insular | |Negritic. { |2. Papuan. |New Guineans. and |Hair wavy or | { |3. Melanesian. |Feejeeans, etc. Litoral | frizzly. | II. { |1. Malayan. |Malays, Tagalas. Peoples. | |Malayic. { |2. Polynesian. |Pacific Islanders. |Nose medium | III. { |1. Australian. |Australians. | or narrow. |Australie.{ |2. Dravidian. |Dravidas, Mundas. -----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+----------------------