Torres Vedras, Wellington's defence of, viii. 190
Torrington, Arthur Herbert, Earl of. _See_ Herbert
Tostig, Earl of Northumbria, 153, 160-162
Toulouse, battle of, viii. 202; war of, i. 233, 234
Touraine conquered by the Angevins, i. 212; by Philip Augustus, 269; ceded to France, ii. 63
Tours won by Geoffry Martel, i. 212; by Philip Augustus, 258; council of, 235
Towns, English, their origin, i. 294, 295; early constitution, 296; common lands, _ib._; relation to their lords, _ib._, 297; administration of justice in, 297, 313; emancipation, 300-302; struggle of classes in, 315-318; their liberties secured by Great Charter, 352; settlement of Friars in, ii. 10, 11; support Simon de Montfort, 68, 69; represented in county court, 73; representatives of, summoned to Parliament, _ib._; taxation of, 152, 153; forced labour in, 257; strikes and combinations in, 267; support the House of York, iii. 76; restriction of franchise in, 99-101; Charles II.'s dealings with, vii. 3. _See_ Boroughs
Townshend, Charles, second Viscount, Secretary of State and Prime Minister, vii. 182, 189; resigns, 190; returns to office, 191; Secretary again under Walpole, 193; turned out, 203
Townshend, Charles, vii. 247; takes office under Pitt, 250; deserts him, 303; President of Board of Trade, 310; refuses office under Grenville, 315; accepts it again under Chatham, 341; Chancellor of the Exchequer, viii. 3; death, 4
Townshend's _Journal of Parliamentary Proceedings_, iv. 5
Trade, English, under Eadgar, i. 138; growth after Norman Conquest, 177; regulated by Great Charter, 352; under Edward I., ii. 106, 107, 122; Richard's II.'s care for, 355; increase in fifteenth century, iii. 106; Edward's IV.'s laws for protection of, _ib._; growth under Richard III., iv. 282; under Henry VII., _ib._; under Elizabeth, 279-283; v. 77; struggle of the Commons for its freedom, 57, 58; Parliament gains control over, vii. 63; foreign, regulated by Statute of Staples, ii. 292; extension under Charles I., v. 281; effects of the Continental System on, viii. 177; effect of the American embargo on, 183; growth during the French war, 194; with English colonies in America, monopoly of, vii. 195, 241; with India, vii. 232; with Spanish America, 192, 216; Board of, established, 89. _See_ Iron, Tin, Wool, Slave