By entirely different routes the theories of universal communism and mother-right were reached by Lewis H. Morgan, beginning with the _League of the Iroquois_ (Rochester, 1851); followed by his great work on _Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity_ (Washington, 1871); the systematic treatise entitled _Ancient Society_ (New York, 1878); and the _Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines_ (Washington, 1881); and by J. F. McLennan, _Primitive Marriage_ (1865); reprinted with other papers as _Studies in Ancient History_ (London, 1876). After the author's death appeared the _Patriarchal Theory_ (London, 1885), edited and completed by his brother Donald McLennan; and the second series of _Studies_ (London and New York, 1896), edited by his widow and Arthur Platt.
Sir John Lubbock, _Origin of Civilization_ (New York, 1889), maintains the theory and introduces the name of "communal marriage." McLennan is in the main supported by Robertson Smith, _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_ (Cambridge, 1885). This book may be read in connection with Wilken, _Das Matriarchat bei den alten Arabern_ (Leipzig, 1884); Kohler, "Vorislamitisches Recht der Araber," in _ZVR._, VIII; Friedrichs, "Das Eherecht des Islams," _ibid._, VII; Vincenti, _Die Ehe im Islam_ (Vienna, 1876); Pischon, _Der Einfluss des Islams auf das häusliche, soziale, und politische Leben seiner Bekenner_ (Leipzig, 1881); Perron, _Femme arabe_ (Paris and Alger, 1858); Kremer, _Kulturgeschichte des Orients unter den Kalifen_ (Vienna, 1875); Vámbéry, _Der Islam im neunzehnten Jahrhundert_ (Leipzig, 1875); his _Türkenvolk_ (Leipzig, 1885); Hanoteau and Letourneux, _La kabylie et les coutumes kabyles_ (Paris, 1893); and Baway, "The Marriage Customs of the Moors of Ceylon," in _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, Ceylon Branch, 1887-88, X, 219-33 (Colombo, 1888). Read also Redhouse, _Notes on Tylor's 'Arabian Matriarchate,'_ propounded by Tylor before the British Association, Montreal, 1884.
For the matrimonial institutions of the Australian aborigines, whose so-called "group-marriage" has played so great a part in speculation, see especially Fison and Howitt, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_ (Melbourne, 1880), supplemented by their "Deme and the Horde," in _Journal of the Anth. Inst._, XIV, 142-68 (London, 1885), comparing Attic and Australian classes and local divisions; Fison's article on "Primitive Marriage," in _Pop. Sci. Monthly_, XVII (New York, 1880); his paper on "Classificatory Systems of Relationship," in _Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._ (Oxford, 1894); Howitt's "Remarks on the Class Systems Collected by Mr. Palmer," in _Journal of the Anth. Inst._, XIII, 335-46 (London, 1884); his "Dieri and Other Kindred Tribes of Central Australia," _ibid._, XX; "Further Notes on the Australian Class Systems," _ibid._, XVIII, 31-36 (London, 1889); "Organization of Australian Tribes," in _Trans. Roy. Soc. of Victoria_, I, Part II (1889); and his "Australian Group Relations," in _Rep. Smith. Inst._, 1883 (Washington, 1885). Important also are Cunow, _Die Verwandtschafts-Organisationen der Australneger_ (Stuttgart, 1894), supplementing Morgan's _Ancient Society_, while rejecting some of Morgan's and Fison's conclusions; Kohler, "Das Recht der Australneger," in _ZVR._, VII; his later _Zur Urgeschichte der Ehe_ below named; McLennan, _Studies_, II, 278-310; Curr, _The Australian Race_ (Melbourne, 1886), rejecting the theory of "group-marriage" and promiscuity; especially Roth's _North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines_ (Brisbane and London, 1899); and Spencer and Gillen's very able and detailed account of the _Native Tribes of Central Australia_ (New York and London, 1899), both of which works, like those of Kohler, tend to sustain the general, though not all the incidental, conclusions of Fison and Howitt. Among the many papers and books useful for studying the social life of the Australians are Palmer, "Notes on Some Australian Tribes," in _Journal of the Anth. Inst._, XIII (London, 1884); Mathew, "The Australian Aborigines," in _Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales_, XXIII (Sydney, 1889); Mathews, "Australian Class Systems," in _The Am. Anthropologist_, IX, X (Washington, 1896-97); and his "The Victorian Aborigines," _ibid._, XI (Washington, 1898). Supplementary materials may likewise be found in Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_ (Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, 1881); Jung, _Das Welttheil Australien_ (Leipzig, 1882); Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_ (London, 1878); Smith and Stewart's _The Booandik Tribe_ (1880); Lang, _Social Origins_; Atkinson, _Primal Law_ (published together, London, New York, and Bombay, 1903); and especially Crawley, _Mystic Rose_ (London and New York, 1902).