The legislative elections will take place Monday – despite efforts to delay them. The European Union, African Union, East African Community and United Nations secretary general have asked that they be postponed until the opposition and the government can agree on how to ensure the elections will be transparent and inclusive.
Over the past week, grenade attacks shook several towns, killing four and injuring dozens. One of the country’s two vice presidents and two members of the electoral commission have fled, as have nearly 100 thousand citizens now refugees in surrounding countries. International and local civil society groups – citing government intimidation and chaos -- refuse to deploy election monitors.
Observers say in this environment, the ruling CNDD-FDD [National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy party] and allied smaller parties are guaranteed a substantial win. Party supporters say that would give the CNDD-FDD a mandate for change.
Thierry Vircoulon, the Central Africa project director for the International Crisis Group, said that would enable the ruling party -- along with satellite partie -- to have enough seats in parliament with those satellite parties to change the constitution.
"They tried to do so at the beginning of 2014," he said, "but they failed by only one vote. So now after the elections, that will be possible."
Constitutional changes could overturn parts of the peace accord signed between warring Hutu and Tutsi 10 years ago. The agreement included a quota guaranteeing minority Tutsi representation in government.
Potential ruling party reforms could also end efforts to encourage parties to cooperate when making new laws.In recent years, a legislative quorum specified that a specific number of votes were needed to pass new laws. The arrangement has led large and small parties to seek a consensus.
Yolande Bouka, a researcher with the Institute for Security Studies in Nairobi, explained that the voting quorum is the number of votes needed to pass regular laws, while there are a different number of votes required in order to be able to change the constitution.
"But if you reduce that number which is what the government was trying to do in March of last year," she said, "then you definitely don’t needo to convince people outside of your party to be able to pass the laws that you want."
Bouka said the government is using the same behavior – including intimidation of civil society and the opposition -- as in the last elections in 2010. The opposition boycotted those polls as well.
She said the boycott this time is a cry for help to the international community.
But Bouka said the international community waited too long before working to ensure that elections this year would be fair and transparent.
"The failure of the international community," she said, "came earlier than this year by approving the electoral process in 2010 saying ‘yes, we saw irregularities, we saw oppression of the opposition and intimidation of civil society organizations but on the day of the elections we did not see blatant fraud. Therefore, this is what we consider a free and fair election.'"
"This is where the international community made a mistake – because it already opened the door for the CNDD-FDD and President Nkurunziza to manipulate the system and still get away with it," she said.
Thierry Vircoulon of the International Crisis Group said the opposition has failed to pressure the government to hold open and inclusive elections. One problem was that the opposition is a coalition of groups with no clear leader for the public to follow. They also failed to get the same amount of public support as successful protests in Senegal and Burkina Faso against presidents seeking to extend their term limits.
"They definitely tried to imitate what happened in Burkina Faso by mobilizing in the streets," he said. "This was basically the result of having tried to fight on the legal front against the government over the past three or four years."
"When they realized it wouldn’t make any difference by going to court and by applying political pressure, they decided to take to the streets. But they did not manage to rally enough people behind them, and we didn’t have mass demonstrations in Bujumbura like we had in Ouagadougou," he said.
Ruling parties in other parts of Africa are looking for ways to extend term limits for their leaders. Uganda, Kenya and Burundi have passed laws in recent years restricting the media, opposition parties and civil society organizations.