_Symptoms._ In mares, dullness, sinking of head, loss of appetite, slackening of pulse and respiration, dilatation of pupils, defective sight, and lips purple (Müller).
=Wood Sorrel= (_Oxalis Acetosella_ L.). Though rarely likely to be eaten by stock this plant must be mentioned here, as it is considered dangerous on account of its high content of oxalates, which may cause serious illness and diarrhœa, and in the case of sheep even be fatal. Pott says that the milk of cows eating it is with difficulty converted into butter.
=Spindle Tree= (_Euonymus europæus_ L.). According to Cornevin the spindle tree is poisonous in all its parts, especially the fruits, which are emetic and strongly purgative. Sheep and goats have been injured from eating the leaves, and children have suffered from eating the fruits.
_Toxic Principle._ This plant does not appear to have been closely studied from the toxicological point of view; contrary to the statements generally made in the literature Van Rijn remarks that this species does not contain the doubtfully classed _Euonymin_.
_Symptoms._ Ingestion of the plant induces symptoms and lesions such as are due to violent vegetable purgatives.
=Buckthorn= (_Rhamnus Catharticus_ L.) and (_R. Frangula_ L.). The berries of both species are toxic and purgative, but both are uncommon and rarely eaten by stock.
_Toxic Principle._ The berries and bark contain the glucosides _Frangulin_ (C_{ 21}H_{ 20}O_{ 9}) and _Rhamnetin_ (C_{ 16}H_{ 12}O_{ 7}).
_Symptoms._ The berries are purgative, and there is some danger from large quantities, which may induce superpurgation. The leaves are astringent and may arrest milk secretion (Cornevin). Müller states that the inflammation of the stomach and intestines may terminate fatally.
=Laburnum= (_Cytisus Laburnum_ L.). The well-known and much admired Laburnum must be regarded as one of the most poisonous species of British plants. By numerous experimental researches Cornevin proved that all parts of the plant are poisonous—root, wood, bark, leaves, flowers, and seeds, especially the seeds. In his experiments the horse, ass, sheep, goat, dog, cat, fowl, duck and pigeon, were utilized, seeds being given. He found that 80 centigrammes per kilogramme live weight would be necessary to kill a horse (say 1 lb. for an animal of 1200 lb. live weight), 60 centigrammes per kilogramme live weight to kill an ass (say 6 oz. for an ass weighing 600 lb.); and 6 grammes in the case of a fowl (say 0·4 oz. for a fowl weighing 4½ lb.). The sheep and goat he was not able to kill, as they refused the food after a certain point; the dog and cat he was not able to kill because they so readily vomited; and the duck and pigeon vomited with extreme facility.