Maxentius of Aquileia (d. 830s) (Italian ‘Massenzio’) was an Italian Patriarch. Maxentius served as the Patriarch of Aquileia from 811 until his death in 837.
Biography
Not much is known about Maxentius's date of birth, or his early life. His rise to prominence as the Patriarch of Aquileia was not until the death of his predecessor Ursus which occurred in the early months of the 811s. Records show that he quickly picked up where Ursus had left off, soliciting in Charlemagne's court (810/811s) for funds in order to rebuild Aquileia.
Background: The Three Chapters Dispute
Maxentius success in being elected to the office of the Patriarch of Aquileia occurred after the period known as the Three Chapters dispute. The Three Chapters dispute had roots early in 551. However, the dispute did not pose a threat until it became a significant issue in the eyes Lombard Church at beginning of the 554s. Some argue that the Three Chapters dispute was essential a schism, a division caused by strong opposition towards beliefs or theological orthodoxy between two parties. Around 551 there was initial proclamation by Justinian I that condemned certain parts of theocratic works and beliefs of the Chalcedonian orthodox in the capital of Constantinople. In response, the Chalcedonian orthodox doctrine issued their own interpretation of the relationship between the divinity and human nature of Jesus Christ. The Chalcedonian orthodox argued that Jesus has two natures, one human and one divine and that these two natures subsisted together. Justinian I's condemnation on specific issues of the council of the Chalcedonian orthodoxy was received badly in the West. In Rome, the papacy eventually fell to Justinian I's decision on the condemnation of the Chalcedonian orthodoxy. This in turn led to the Northern Italian churches of Aquileia and Milan excommunicating the papacy for its decision to support Justinian I. The conflict between the Northern Italian church and Justinian I's position, and the papacy manifested itself in a debate that would unexpectedly threaten the unity of Christianity.
In particular, the conflict of The Three Chapter's dispute resulted in the Church of the Aquileia splitting in two. There was the ‘new’ Aquileia in Grado, which was pro-Roman, and there was the ‘old’ Aquileia church which retained its loyalty to the Chalcedonian orthodox and wished to be under the protection of the Lombard King. The re shuffling of allegiance led to a “degree of cultural separation from Rome.”
Aftermath and Appointment of Patriarch
The conflict caused by the schism of the Three Chapters lasted long enough that by the eighth century the dispute had become buried underneath diluted political and theological debate that even Paul the Deacon himself, had little knowledge of what or why or even where the debate was headed. The conflict led to old Aquileia to be viewed less favorably by the Church of Rome and by some extent the imperial capital of Byzantium.
It was not until 698, pressure from Pope Sergius I, and no doubt the papacy's geopolitical location of Grado led to the shift of Aquileia to readopt the Roman papacy's orthodox. However, this further led to another conflict to arise whereas Aquileia and Grado, while now technically in communion belonged to two separate kingdoms, with Aquileia still being the center of Lombard rule in the North, and Grado, the vision of the Byzantium's imperial rule.
In 811, after the death of Ursus, the patriarch of Aquileia, Maxentius was appointed the title of Patriarch of Aquileia. With this title, he was able to lead the church of Aquileia to great prominence. Maxentius's dedication to the church was followed by political, social development with minor urban growth. Maxentius dedication to his new title thus allowed Aquileia to move from the ‘rebel’ status that it once had into more favorable view and started to gain support from the imperial capital and rising momentum of benefits from the Emperor himself.
Aquileia under Maxentius
Maxentius's development of Aquileia gained the attention of the Byzantine Empire, especially in the 9th century. So much to say it was the vastly gaining the preference as the papacy's preferred city in the West. Maxentius implemented ecclesiastical doctrine and legislature that allowed for a surge in economic recovery leading to further theological growth and instilling heavier political establishment of the imperial will. Aquileia had not seen such a growth in its economy or favor from the Byzantium empire since Maxentius had been appointed the title of Patriarch.