In the third place, Marx gave a formula to the Socialist movement. He defined Socialism in one sentence: "The social ownership of the means of production and distribution." This was necessary. From among the vague and incoherent mass of utopian and revolutionary literature he coined the sentence that could be repeated with gusto and the flavor of scientific terminology.
And finally, he refrained from detailing the new society. He laid down no program except war, he pointed to no utopia except co-operation. This offended no one and left Socialists of all schools free to construct their own details.
The Marxian system was no sooner enunciated than it was shown to be fallible as an economic generalization; and the passing of several decades has proved that the tendencies he deemed inevitable are not taking place. The refutation of his theory of value by the Austrian economist, Adolph Menger, is by economists considered complete and final. The materialistic conception of history, which is the soul of his work, lends itself more to the passion of a virile propaganda than to a sober interpretation of the facts. Further, the two practical results that flow from the use of his theory of surplus value and his materialism--namely, the ever-increasing volume of poverty and the ever-decreasing number of capitalists--are not borne out by the facts. The number of capitalists is constantly increasing, in spite of the development of enormous trusts; the middle class is constantly being recruited from the lower class; there is no apparent realization of the two-class system. And finally, the method by revolution is being more and more discarded by Socialists, as they see that intolerable conditions are being more and more alleviated, that "man's inhumanity to man" is a constantly diminishing factor in the bitter struggle for existence.[17]
[1] _New Christianity_, p. 38, English edition, 1834.
[2] Saint-Simon's principal writings are: _Lettres d'un Habitant de Genève_, 1803; _L'Organisateur_, 1819; _Du Système Industriel_, 1821; _Catéchisme des Industriels_, 1823; _Nouveau Christianisme_, 1825. See A.J. BARTH, _Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism_, London, 1871; REYBAUD, _Études sur les Réformateurs Modernes_, Paris, 1864; JANET, _Saint-Simon et le Saint-Simonisme_, Paris, 1878. _New Christianity_ was translated into English by Rev. J.E. Smith, London, 1834.