Similar duets have been observed in _S. phaeota_. In this species the intervals are often much longer than the notes, and if two males are calling in close proximity, their calls can be mistaken for those of one individual. _Smilisca phaeota_ does not congregate in large numbers; usually only two males call from one restricted site.
_Smilisca sila_ has a call consisting of a primary note followed by one or more secondary notes. Males often call in duets, but not necessarily so. In a duet, the first male usually utters only primary notes until the second individual responds; then each individual produces a rapid series of secondary notes.
_Smilisca puma_ also produces primary and secondary notes. Although individuals sometimes call alone, duets, trios, or quartets were more common. The chorus is initiated by one individual uttering primary notes until joined by the second, third, and fourth frogs. In one quartet in a marsh 7.5 kilometers west of Puerto Viejo, Costa Rica, on February 19, 1965, the same individual initiated four consecutive choruses. Each time the second member of the chorus was the same; the third and fourth frogs joined the chorus nearly simultaneously.
Individuals of _S. sordida_ are usually irregularly situated along a stream. No duets or other combinations of individuals are apparent in the chorus structure, but once an individual calls, a frog nearby calls almost immediately; then a frog near the second individual calls, and so on. The resulting series of calls gives the impression that the sound is moving along the stream as successive individuals join the chorus and the first callers become quiet. It is not known if the same individual initiates successive choruses or if the order of calling is the same in subsequent choruses.
These limited observations on chorus structure in _Smilisca_ show the presence of behavioral organization. The methods of establishing the organization and the significance of the call-order in breeding have yet to be discovered.
Calling males of _S. baudini_ are often close together; some individuals have been observed almost touching one another, but no indication of territoriality or aggressive behavior has been witnessed. The more distant spacing of the stream-breeding species _S. sila_ and _S. sordida_ may be a function of calling-territories, but no direct evidence is available to substantiate this supposition.