Let $\mathcal D_n$ denote the average number of iterations of West's stack-sorting map $s$ that are needed to sort a permutation in $S_n$ into the identity permutation $123\cdots n$. We prove that \[0.62433\approx\lambda\leq\liminf_{ n\to\infty}\frac{ \mathcal D_n}{ n}\leq\limsup_{ n\to\infty}\frac{ \mathcal D_n}{ n}\leq \frac{ 3}{ 5}(7-8\log 2)\approx 0.87289,\] where $\lambda$ is the Golomb-Dickman constant. Our lower bound improves upon West's lower bound of $0.23$, and our upper bound is the first improvement upon the trivial upper bound of $1$. We then show that fertilities of permutations increase monotonically upon iterations of $s$. More precisely, we prove that $|s^{ -1}(\sigma)|\leq|s^{ -1}(s(\sigma))|$ for all $\sigma\in S_n$, where equality holds if and only if $\sigma=123\cdots n$. This is the first theorem that manifests a law-of-diminishing-returns philosophy for the stack-sorting map that B\'ona has proposed. Along the way, we note some connections between the stack-sorting map and the right and left weak orders on $S_n$.
Categories: math.CO