At the end of the Mesozoic Era a profound change came over the land. The trough, with hundreds of meters of sediments accumulated on its bottom, was drained and folded by pressures built up in the Earth’s crust. To the south, the Colorado Plateau rose slowly and smoothly; to the north folding and faulting built complex mountain ranges. This uplift is called the Laramide Revolution because of the magnitude of the change it made on the face of the continent.
At the beginning of the Cenozoic Era, about 65 million years ago, the Rockies and the Great Plains were slowly rising. Rains fell and rivers carried the water, wearing away the old sediments. Some sediments were carried west into the Pacific Ocean, or deposited on the land and covered over by new sediments. Some sediments remained within the Rockies, settling into basins during the early Cenozoic. Other sediments were carried east by the rivers, beyond the Great Plains and into the Mississippi Embayment. Mountain building and erosion tended to cancel out one another in the Rockies, preventing the mountains from reaching great heights. The mountain bases were perhaps no more than 300 meters (1,000 feet) above sea level, and the crests perhaps 600 meters (2,000 feet) above that.
Before long, the basins within the Rockies filled with sediments. The basins overflowed, and at last sediments began to cover the Great Plains. This was near the end of the Eocene Epoch, about 35 million years ago. Subtropical rivers, flowing sluggishly, rolled out over their banks and left their loads of silt and clay on the featureless plain.
The oldest part of the blanket of sediments, the White River Beds, extended from Saskatchewan to Texas. Nearly 200 meters (650 feet) of muds, clays, silts, and river gravels were laid down during the 11 million years of the Late Eocene and Oligocene Epochs. Magnificent exposures of these beds can be seen at Scotts Bluff National Monument in the valley of the North Platte, in Toadstool Park north of Crawford, Nebraska, and particularly in the Big Badlands of southwestern South Dakota.
The kind of floodplain deposition characteristic of the Oligocene on the Great Plains ended about the beginning of the next epoch, the Miocene. In Nebraska the process continued, but eventually erosion began wearing away the accumulated sediments. The land to the west was uplifted a little, and the streams flowed off the high ground fast enough to cut down into what they had just deposited. On this eroded surface, the layers of tan silts, fine sands, and clays known as the Gering Formation were deposited.