34. The Predicate can furthermore be precisely defined by an adverb or a noun (or a word used as a noun) governed by a preposition. This serves to show the object of the act and circumstances surrounding it, as:--Arturo batis Georgon per sia pugno = _Arthur struck George with his fist_.
35. A noun can be more precisely defined by the addition of another noun or word used as a noun, as:--Eduardo, reĝo de Anglujo = _Edward, King of England_. This is called "apposition" (_apozicio_).
36. To every noun can be added adjectives or participles, which also can be defined by other nouns, as:--Homo mortiginta sian patrinon estas granda krimulo = _A man who has murdered (having murdered) his mother is a great criminal_. An adjective added, without any intervening word, to a noun is termed "qualifying," in order to distinguish it from an adjective (called a "predicative" adjective) having the verb esti (expressed or understood) between it and the noun, as:--Homo bona = _A good man_ (qualifying). La homo estas bona = _The man is good_ (predicative). (See remarks on adjectives, par. 108.)
37. A word consists of one or more syllables or distinct sounds, and has a definite meaning.
38. A root is an incomplete word conveying only an idea. It may consist of one or more syllables, but requires one or more letters to form it into a word.
39. Words in Esperanto may be divided into four classes: Primary, Simple, Compound, and Foreign.
(_a_). A Primary word is one which requires no additional letters to give it a distinct meaning (see list of Primary Words, Part V).
(_b_). A Simple word is one formed by adding a grammatical termination to a single root, or to a primary word (which then becomes a root), with or without suffixes or prefixes.
Examples.--_Bon-a_ = Good. _Ĉirkaŭ-i_ = To surround. _Antaŭ-ul-o_ = A predecessor. _Dis-sem-i_ = To scatter. _Mal-san-ul-ejo_ = An infirmary.
(_c_). A Compound word is one formed by adding a grammatical termination to two or more roots, or to a primary word and a root, with or without suffixes or prefixes. Any of the component parts may be complete words, if euphony requires it.
Examples.--_Bon-intenc-a_ = Well-meaning. _Super-natur-a_ = Supernatural. _Antaŭ-vid-i_ = To foresee. _Ĉas-o-ŝtel-ist-o_ = A poacher. _Ĉas-gard-ist-o_ = A gamekeeper. _Vapor-ŝipo_ = A steamship. _Griz-har-a_ = Grey-haired. _Super-akv-eg-o_ = A deluge.