To the east of the peninsula are the four so-called "Scandiæ," three small [the Danish islands], of which the central one lies in 41° 30' E. long., 58° N. lat.; but the largest and most eastern lies off the mouths of the Vistula; the westernmost part of this island lies in 43° E. long., 58° N. lat., the easternmost in 46° E. long., 58° N. lat., the northernmost in 44° 30' E. long., 58° 30' N. lat., the southernmost in 45° E. long., 57° 40' N. lat. But this one [i.e., south Scandinavia] is called in particular Scandia, and the western part of it is inhabited by the Chædini, the eastern by the Phavonæ and Phiresii, the northern by the Phinni, the southern by the Gutæ and Dauciones, and the central by the Levoni.
It will be seen that Scandia would not be much larger than Thule: 20' longer from west to east, and only 10' longer from north to south.
[Illustration: The Scandinavian North according to Ptolemy. The most northern people in Scandinavia, the Phinni, are omitted in this map, as in most MSS.]
The "Chædini" must be the Norwegian "Heiðnir" or "Heinir," whose name is preserved in Heiðmǫrk, Hedemarken [cf. Zeuss, 1837, p. 159; Much, 1893, p. 188; Müllenhoff, 1900, p. 497]. This is the first time that an undoubtedly Norwegian tribe is mentioned in known literature. "Phinni" (Finns) is only found in one MS.; but as Jordanes (Cassiodorus) says that Ptolemy mentions seven tribes in Scandia, it must have been found in ancient MSS. of his work, and it occurs here for the first time as the name of a people in Scandinavia. Ptolemy also mentions "Phinni" in another place as a people in Sarmatia near the Vistula (together with Gythones or Goths); but these must be connected with the "Fenni" of Tacitus, and doubtless also belong originally to Scandinavia. The "Gutæ" must be the Gauter or Göter, unless they are the Guter of Gotland (?). The "Dauciones," it has been supposed, may possibly be the Danes, and the "Levoni" might perhaps be the Hilleviones mentioned by Pliny, whose name does not otherwise occur. Thus a knowledge of Scandinavia slowly dawns in history.
[Illustration: Ptolemy's map of Europe, etc., compared with the true conditions (in dotted line)]
To the north of the known coasts and islands of Europe there lay, according to Ptolemy and Marinus, a great continuous ocean, which was a continuation of the Atlantic. On the extreme north-west was "the Hyperborean Ocean, which was also called the Congealed (πεπηγος) or 'Cronius' or the Dead (νεκρος) Sea." North of Britain was the Deucaledonian Ocean, and east of Britain the Germanic Ocean as far as the eastern side of the Cimbrian Chersonese, that is, the North Sea and a part of the Baltic. This was joined by the Sarmatian Ocean, with the Venedian (i.e., Wendish) Gulf, from the mouths of the Vistula north-eastwards. The Baltic was still merely an open bay of the great Northern Ocean. But whether the latter extended farther to the east, round the north of the œcumene, making it into an island, was unknown. Ptolemy and Marinus therefore put the northern boundary of the known continent at the latitude of Thule, and made this continent extend into the unknown on the north-east and east; they thus furnish the latest development of the doctrine that the œcumene was not an island in the universal ocean, since they considered that guesses about the regions beyond the limits of the really known were inadmissible, and no one had reached any coast in those directions; for the Caspian Sea was closed and not connected with the Northern Ocean. In the same way the extent of Africa towards the south was uncertain, and they connected it possibly with south-eastern Asia, to the south of the Indian Ocean, which thus also became enclosed.