425. Why have I tried to find the source of happiness in the government rather than in the mind, which is the centre of pleasure and repose?
431. _Consigned_ modifies _felicity_. We are entrusted with the making of our own happiness.
433-4. The joy which any man feels in his life from day to day comes from his own innermost feelings, and external events cannot disturb it.
435-8. Even though a man be put to torture, it cannot rob him of the truest sources of happiness in his life—reason, faith and conscience.
434. =The lifted axe.= The executioner’s axe.
=the agonizing wheel.= An instrument of torture causing extreme agony. The victim was fastened to a wheel or a cross, and his legs were broken with an iron bar.
436. =Luke’s iron crown.= In 1513 two brothers, George and Luke Dosa, were taken prisoners in a rebellion. George (not Luke) Dosa was put to death by having a red hot crown placed on his head, in mockery of his desire to become king.
=Damiens’ bed of steel.= In 1757 Damiens, an insane fanatic, attempted to kill Louis XV, King of France. He was bound upon an iron bed and subjected to terrible tortures.
437. These tortures are rarely known to men who are not engaged in public affairs.
Written on the occasion of a voyage from England to Italy in 1838. As the vessel passes the south-west coast of Portugal and Spain, Cape St. Vincent, Cadiz and Trafalgar are seen in turn, and as darkness is coming on, Gibraltar rises dimly in the distance. The poem expresses Browning’s feelings as he calls to memory the great victories of England that are connected with these historic scenes.
1. =Cape St. Vincent.= A cape at the south-east extremity of Portugal. In 1709 Admiral Jervis with a British fleet of fifteen vessels, defeated a Spanish fleet of twenty-seven vessels.
2. =reeking.= We often speak of blood as reeking, that is, steaming (_Ger. rauchen_, to smoke). So here the sunset is spoken of also as reeking because it is red like blood.
=Cadiz Bay.= Off the south-west coast of Spain. Cadiz was sacked by the English fleet under Essex in 1596.
3. =Bluish.= The land was bluish when seen in the distance.
=full in face.= Directly ahead of the vessel.
=Trafalgar.= Cape Trafalgar, on the south-west coast of Spain. At Trafalgar in 1805 Nelson defeated the combined fleets of France and Spain.