Robert Kent Trench (August 3, 1940 - April 27, 2021) was an American Biologist who was a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His research considered corals and symbiotic algae, with a focus on the adaption of zooxanthellae. He was awarded the 1994 International Society of Endocytobiology Miescher-Ishida Prize.
Early life and education
Trench was born in Belize City in British Honduras. Where he was raised by his grandmother and lived in close proximity to the islands along Belize’s barrier reef. As a result would spend a lot of his free time in the water around them which led him to grow close to nature. For school he attended the Jesuit High School in Belize City. He would often cite the education he received there as serving him for the rest of his life. This in combination with his relationship with nature is likely what led to his successful career in marine science. He earned his undergraduate degree at the University of the West Indies. He moved to the University of California, Los Angeles for his doctoral research, where he focussed on invertebrate zoology in the laboratory of Leonard Muscatine. Trench earned his doctorate in 1969 and moved to the University of Oxford as a postdoctoral fellow.
Research and career
Trench became an assistant professor of Biology at Yale University in 1972 before moving in 1976 and joining the staff at University of California Santa Barbara as a professor. While at UCSB he taught a course on the biology and geology of coral reefs as well as a co-instructor for an Invertebrate biology course. He was once quoted about his teaching saying, “I want to teach them how to learn on their own, so that I become irrelevant.” After 28 years he retired from teaching in 2000. His research considered corals and symbiotic algae, with a focus on the adaption of zooxanthellae and how they adapt to different coral environments. He studied dinoflagellates, which can be used as an indicator of water quality.
Some of Trench’s most impactful work is his research on animal-dinoflagellate mutualisms. Trench redefined the global perspective on host/symbiont relationships. During the 1970s and 1980s, the prevailing view on this symbiosis was that the host dominated the relationship and fully controlled the symbiont. Through his research, Trench challenged this mindset and concluded that the symbiont’s attributes are critical to the establishment and maintenance of the symbiotic relationship.
Trench pursued his doctoral degree at the University of California, Los Angeles under the guidance of his advisor, Leonard Muscatine. Muscatine used radioactive Carbon-14 to measure the exchange rates of carbon from the symbiont to the animal. Here, Trench focused his dissertation research on the transfer rates and total amounts of photosynthetically fixed carbon translocated to the animal from its symbiont. By isolating various symbionts from their hosts, Trench determined that different symbionts did not produce the same photosynthetic products. This work foreshadowed the idea we now hold to be true today: not all symbionts are the same. This work further proved the symbiont also plays a critical role in the host’s life.
Trench’s first research paper was published in the journal Nature (journal) in 1969 on the topic of photosynthetic animals. It was published while Trench was a post-doctoral scholar at Oxford University but still remains one of his favorites. While research at the time rejected the importance of agal chloroplasts in sea slug, his research disproved this belief. Trench demonstrated that even after being engulfed by the sea slug’s digestive cells, the ingested chloroplasts were still functional. His work showed that the chloroplasts continued to photosynthesize for extended periods of time following engulfment and functioned as “captive” intracellular organelles. The animals reaped the benefits of additional and reliable nutrients from their photosynthetic inhabitants. Trench was awarded the Miescher-Ishida Prize for his innovative work.
In 1972, Trench moved to Yale University as an Assistant Professor where his research dissertation was mentored by Luigi Provasoli. Trench built on Provasoli’s work by isolating numerous cell cultures from various hosts. From this, Trench, along with his graduate student Dave Schoenberg, showed that isolated cultures were fundamentally different when grown under the same environmental conditions such as nutrient, light, and temperature. Using karyotypes, they also showed that the genus Symbiodinium sensu late comprised more than just one species.