[190] 'Hist, des Anim. sans Vertèb.,' tom, i., Introduction, 1^re ed., 1815; 'Syst. des Conn. Positives,' Paris, in-8, 1820, 1^re part, 2^me sect. ch. ii. p. 114, &c.
[191] 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. ii. p. 407.
[192] 'History of Creation,' English translation, vol. i. pp. 111, 112.
[193] M. Martins' edition of the 'Philosophie Zoologique,' Paris, 1873. Introd., p. vi.
[195] 'Vestiges of Creation,' ed. 1860, Proofs, Illustrations, &c., p. lxiv.
[196] 'Origin of Species,' ed. 1, p. 239; ed. 6, p. 231.
[197] 'Origin of Species,' ed. 1, p. 242; ed. 6, 1876, p. 233.
[198] 'Origin of Species,' p. 421, ed. 1876.
[202] 'Les Amours des Plantes,' Discours Prélim., p. 7. Paris, 1800.
[207] Vol. i. p. 231, ed. M. Martins, 1873.
The first part of the '_Philosophie Zoologique_' is the one which deals with the doctrine of evolution or descent with modification. It is to this, therefore, that our attention will be confined. Yet only a comparatively small part of the three hundred and fifty pages which constitute Lamarck's first part are devoted to setting forth the reasons which led him to arrive at his conclusions--the greater part of the volume being occupied with the classification of animals, which we may again omit, as foreign to our purpose.
I shall condense whenever I can, but I do not think the reader will find that I have left out much that bears upon the argument. I shall also use inverted commas while translating with such freedom as to omit several lines together, where I can do so without suppressing anything essential to the elucidation of Lamarck's meaning. I shall, however, throughout refer the reader to the page of the original work from which I am translating.
"The common origin of bodily and mental phenomena," says Lamarck in his preliminary chapter, "has been obscured, because we have studied them chiefly in man, who, as the most highly developed of living beings, presents the problem in its most difficult and complicated aspect. If we had begun our study with that of the lowest organisms, and had proceeded from these to the more complex ones, we should have seen the progression which is observable in organization, and the successive acquisition of various special organs, with new faculties for every additional organ. We should thus have seen that sense of needs--originally hardly perceptible, but gradually increasing in intensity and variety--has led to the attempt to gratify them; that the actions thus induced, having become habitual and energetic, have occasioned the development of organs adapted for their performance; that the force which excites organic movements can in the case of the lowest animals exist outside them and yet animate them; that this force was subsequently introduced into the animals themselves, and fixed within them; and, lastly, that it gave rise to sensibility and, in the end, to intelligence."[208] The reader had better be on his guard here, and whenever Lamarck is speculating about the lowest forms of action and sensation. I have thought it well, however, to give enough of these speculations, as occasion arises, to show their tendency.