The five other forms are declined in the same manner, the vowel of the last syllable only differing. Adjectives are declined like nouns, but have no comparative or superlative degree; the former being expressed by prefixing the intensitive syllable _ca_, the latter, when used (which is but seldom) by the prefix _ela_, signifying _the_ in an emphatic sense, as his Grace of Wellington is in England called _The_ Duke _par excellence_. Prepositions and adverbs end in _t_ or _d_.
Each form of the noun has, as a rule, its special relation to the verb of the same root: thus from dâc, "strike," are derived _dâcâ_, "weapon" or "hammer;", _dâco_, a "stroke" or "striking" [as given] both masculine; _dâca_, "anvil;" _dâcoo_, "blow" or "beating" [as received]; and _dâke_, "a thing beaten," feminine. The sixth form, _dâky_, masculine, has in this case no proper signification, and not being wanted, is not used. Individual letters or syllables are largely employed in combination to give new and even contradictory meanings to a root. Thus _n_, like the Latin _in_, signifies "penetration," "motion towards," or simply "remaining in a place," or, again, "permanence." _M_, like the Latin _ab_ or _ex_, indicates "motion from." _R_ expresses "uncertainty" or "incompleteness," and is employed to convert a statement into a question, or a relative pronoun into one of inquiry. _G_, like the Greek _a_ or _anti_, generally signifies "opposition" or "negation;" _ca_ is, as aforesaid, intensitive, and is employed, for example, to convert _âfi_, "to breathe," into _câfi_, "to speak." _Cr_ is by itself an interjection of abhorrence or disgust; in composition it indicates detestation or destruction: thus, _crâky_ signifies "hatred;" _crâvi_, "the destruction of life" or "to kill." _L_ for the most part indicates passivity, but with different effect according to its place in the word. Thus _mepi_ signifies "to rule;" _mepil_, "to be ruled;" _melpi_, "to control one's self;" _lempi_, "to obey." The signification of roots themselves is modified by a modification of the principal vowel or consonant, _i.e._, by exchanging the original for one closely related. Thus _avi_, "exist;" _âvi_, "be," in the positive sense of being this or that; _afi_, "live;" _âfi_, "breathe." _Z_ is a diminutive; _zin_, "with," often abbreviated to _zn_, "combination," "union." Thus _znaftau_ means "those who were brought into life together," or "brethren."