(ii.) _sr_ became _þr_ (= Eng. _thr_ in _throw_) in pro-ethnic Italic, and this became initially _fr_- as in _frigus_, Gr. [Greek: rhigos] (Ind.-Eur. *_srigos_), but medially -_br_-, as in _funebris_, from _funus_, stem _funes_-.
(iii.) -_rs_-, _ls_- became -_rr_-, -_ll_-, as in _ferre_, _velle_, for *_fer-se_, *_vel-se_ (cf. _es-se_).
(iv.) Before _m_, _n_, _l_, and _v_, -_s_- vanished, having previously caused the loss of any preceding plosive or -_n_-, and the preceding vowel, if short, was lengthened as in
_primus_ from *_prismos_, Paelig. _prismu_, "prima," beside _pris-cus_.
_iumentum_ from O. Lat. _iouxmentum_, older *_ieugsmentom_; cf. Gr. [Greek: zeugma, zygon], Lat. _iugum_, _iungo_.
_luna_ from *_leucsna_-, Praenest, _losna_, Zend _rao[chi]sna_-; cf. Gr. [Greek: leukos], "white-ness" neut. e.g. [Greek: leukos], "white," Lat. _luceo_.
_telum_ from *_tens-lom_ or *_tends-lom_, _tranare_ from *_trans-nare_.
_seviri_ from *_sex-viri_, _eveho_ from *_ex-veho_, and so _e-mitto_, _e-lido_, _e-numero_, and from these forms arose the proposition _e_ instead of _ex_.
(v.) Similarly -_sd_- became -_d_-, as in _idem_ from _is-dem_.
(vi.) Before _n_-, _m_-, _l_-, initially _s_- disappeared, as in _nubo_ beside Old Church Slavonic _snubiti_, "to love, pay court to"; _miror_ beside Sans, _smáyate_, "laughs," Eng. _smi-le_; _lubricus_ beside Goth, _sliupan_, Eng. _slip_.
(b) Latin -_ss_- arose from an original -_t_ + _t_-, -_d_ + _t_-, -_dh_ + _t_- (except before -_r_), as in _missus_, earlier *_mit-tos_; _tonsus_, earlier *_tond-tos_, but _tonstrix_ from *_tond-trix_. After long vowels this -_ss_- became a single -_s_- some time before Cicero (who wrote _caussa_ [see above], _divissio_, &c., but probably only pronounced them with -_s_-, since the -_ss_- came to be written single directly after his time).
26. Of the Indo-European velars the breathed _q_ was usually preserved in Latin with a labial addition of -_u_- (as in _sequor_, Gr. [Greek: epomai], Goth, _saihvan_, Eng. _see_; _quod_, Gr. [Greek: pod-(apos)], Eng. _what_); but the voiced [g]^u remained (as -_gu_-) only after -_n_- (_unguo_ beside Ir. _imb_, "butter") and (as _g_) before _r_, _l_, and _u_ (as in _gravis_, Gr. [Greek: barys]; _glans_, Gr. [Greek: balanos]; _legumen_, Gr. [Greek: lobos, lebinthos]). Elsewhere it became _v_, as in _venio_ (see § 23, ii.), _nudus_ from *_novedos_, Eng. _naked_. Hence _bos_ (Sans. _gaus_, Eng. _cow_) must be regarded as a farmer's word borrowed from one of the country dialects (e.g. Sabine); the pure Latin would be *_vos_, and its oblique cases, e.g. acc. *_vovem_, would be inconveniently close in sound to the word for sheep _ovem_.
