1. Whose fault is it, generally, if the pupil fails to do what he ought in the class?
2. What four things help to the pupil's willing approach to the lesson?
3. In what ways may a pupil prepare for the lesson period?
4. How may the pupil be spared a division of interest?
5. What should be the pupil's attitude and bearing during the recitation?
6. What should be the real focus of the teacher's concern about the pupil?
#34. Teaching Defined.#--The Sunday-school teacher as much as any other teacher should understand clearly what teaching is. Teaching is not telling, and no amount of talking to the pupil can be considered as teaching. Teaching is not determined by anything that happens outside the pupil, but by the action of the pupil's soul upon the things that are presented to it through the senses. _Teaching may be defined as causing a human soul to know._
#35.# Everything outside the learner may be considered his teacher. We are taught in the broadest sense by the spirit of God's universe expressed in terms of order and law. We are taught in a more restricted sense by our immediate environment, and especially by the people whose lives come in close contact with our own. In the most restricted sense we are taught by a trained mind, and this trained mind belongs to a person called a teacher. The process of teaching may be considered as the act of bringing into the consciousness of the learner the knowledge already in the consciousness of the teacher. We cannot teach what we do not know. Teaching ends when the pupil knows all that the teacher knows.
#36. Impression and Expression.#--When I say that I know a certain thing, I mean that my soul possesses that thing and knows that it possesses it; this is _consciousness_. The teaching act completes itself when the learner is able to express in language or otherwise to the satisfaction of the teacher the facts in consciousness. In other words, the soul is not fully educated until it has reached the point of expression.
#37.# It will be seen from this that teaching is possible only when the soul is actively seeking new knowledge. This attempt of the soul to seek new knowledge causes it, for one reason or another, to focus itself upon some one object of thought to the exclusion of all other objects of thought. _This act is called attention._ When the will directs the attention it is called _voluntary_ attention. When some other agency than the will directs the attention it is called _involuntary_ attention.