Andrée Madeleine Blouin (16 December 1921 – 9 April 1986) was a political activist, human rights advocate, and writer from the Central African Republic.
Early life
The daughter of Josephine Wouassimba, a fourteen-year-old Banziri girl, and Pierre Gerbillat, a forty-year-old French colonial businessman, Andrée Blouin was born in Bessou, a village in Oubangui-Chari (later the Central African Republic). At three years of age Andrée was taken from her mother by her father and his new wife Henriette Poussart, and placed in the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny orphanage for girls of mixed race, in Brazzaville, in the French Congo, where she endured neglect and abuse. This orphanage was created to cover up evidence of Europeans’ "libertine ways" (including the crime of outright rape) and to "protect partly white children from living in supposedly primitive African conditions.” At age 15, the nuns tried to pressure her into an arranged marriage. She spent 14 years in the orphanage before she and two other girls ran away in 1938. As she grew older, she participated in many smaller forms of rebellions with her friends. She would persist in attending white-only cinemas until her presence was tolerated. In stores, she would ask for articles in French, but the shopkeepers would purposefully “answer in Lingala or Kikongo to humiliate her.” This was due to her having French citizenship, but having no real “right” to use the language. She would also ask for butter, which was “unthinkable for an African to eat,” but she later stated that she “had to begin somewhere.”
Personal life
After escaping from the orphanage, Andrée moved with her mother to Brazzaville and began work as a seamstress. While riding on a riverboat in the Congo River, Andrée met a Belgian aristocrat named Roger Serruys. Soon afterwards, she moved in with Serruys to Banningville, where he was appointed the new director of the Belgian Kasai Company. Frustrated by his insistence that their relationship be kept a secret, Andrée returned home to Brazzavile three months pregnant. She gave birth to her daughter Rita on her 19th birthday, 16 December 1940.
Andrée met a local Frenchman named Charles Greutz, and they welcomed a son René on her 21st birthday, 16 December 1942. At two years of age, René fell ill with malaria but was refused the lifesaving quinine medication in local hospitals because “the French colonial administration insisted” that it was for “Europeans only.” Blouin “pleaded” with the mayor to make an exception but was refused, and before long he died from complications related to the disease. Tramautized by the experience, Andrée decided that Rita should not grow up in colonial Africa, and after legally marrying Greutz, she and her daughter relocated to France in 1946. Greutz stayed behind in Bangui to work, while Andrée and Rita resided with the Greutz family in the town of Gebviller in Alsace.
Andrée returned to Bangui in 1948, and learned that her husband Charles was having an affair. Not long afterwards she met French engineer André Blouin, one of her husband's contemporaries, who was on assignment for the French Bureau of Mines. The two fell in love, and after Andrée's divorce from Greutz was finalized, she and André Blouin were married in 1952. The couple went on to have two children, a son named Patrick and a daughter named Sylviane.
Activism
Andrée Blouin credits the untimely death of her young son as her primary motivation for becoming a political activist later in life. Her son's death from malaria could have been prevented with the right medication; however, because of his African ancestry, he was denied the proper medical treatment. More specifically, since Andreé Blouin was classified as “metisse” or “mixed” because of her African mother and European father, this label was put on her son as well, making it impossible for him to get the malaria treatment. Her son was ¾ white and both she and her son were French citizens, but they were both treated unjustly because of their blackness. This devastating and racist experience is a potential catalyst for her interest in activism. Blouin launched a campaign against the Quinine Law that prohibited individuals of African ancestry in French Equatorial Africa from receiving appropriate medication to treat malaria.