[188] γυμνασιαρχής [gymnasiarchês]. See Excursus on γυμνασιαρχοί [gymnasiarchoi]. This law was totally neglected in Socratic Athens. See Plato’s _Lusis_.
[189] Aischin. _ag. Timarch._ 10. The word σωφρονιστής [sôphronistês], in a general sense, occurs three times in Thucydides.
[191] Girard, _L’Éducation Athénienne_, pp. 51, 52.
[192] The Archon Eponumos had the control of orphans and probably intervened if their education was neglected.
[195] By Kudides (? = Kudias. Smyth, _Melic Poets_, p. 347).
[198] _Floruit_ 432 B.C. (in Athen. 18 C).
ATHENS AND THE REST OF HELLAS: PRIMARY EDUCATION
We have seen that Primary Education in Hellas consisted of letters and music, with a contemporary training in gymnastics; to which triple course was added, late in the fourth century, drawing and painting. How the day was divided between mental and physical training is unknown――probably, like everything else, this varied with the taste of the individual――but the following sketch from Lucian,[207] although it belongs to a much later date, may perhaps give some idea of a schoolboy’s day:――
“He gets up at dawn, washes the sleep from his eyes, and puts on his cloak. Then he goes out from his father’s house, with his eyes fixed upon the ground, not looking at any one who meets him. Behind him follow attendants and paidagogoi, bearing in their hands the implements of virtue, writing-tablets or books containing the great deeds of old, or, if he is going to a music-school, his well-tuned lyre.
“When he has laboured diligently at intellectual studies, and his mind is sated with the benefits of the school curriculum, he exercises his body in liberal pursuits, riding or hurling the javelin or spear. Then the wrestling-school with its sleek, oiled pupils, labours under the mid-day sun, and sweats in the regular athletic contests. Then a bath, not too prolonged; then a meal, not too large, in view of afternoon school. For the schoolmasters are waiting for him again, and the books which openly or by allegory teach him who was a great hero, who was a lover of justice and purity. With the contemplation of such virtues he waters the garden of his young soul. When evening sets a limit to his work, he pays the necessary tribute to his stomach and retires to rest, to sleep sweetly after his busy day.”