Nickel boride is the common name of materials composed chiefly of the elements nickel and boron that are widely used as catalysts in organic chemistry. Their approximate chemical composition is Ni2.5B, and they are often incorrectly denoted "" in organic chemistry publications.
Nickel boride catalysts are typically prepared by reacting a salt of nickel with sodium borohydride. The composition and properties vary depending on the specific preparation method. The two most common forms, described and evaluated in detail by Herbert C. Brown and Charles Allan Brown in 1963, are known as P−1 nickel and P−2 nickel.
These catalysts are usually obtained as black granules (P−1) or colloidal suspensions (P−2). They are air-stable, non-magnetic and non-pyrophoric, but slowly react with water to form nickel hydroxide . They are insoluble in all solvents, but react with concentrated mineral acids. They are claimed to be more effective hydrogenation catalysts than Raney nickel.
History
These catalysts originate during World War II with the work of a research group led by Hermann I. Schlesinger, discoverer of borohydrides. They noted that reaction of with salts of certain transition metals yielded black precipitates, and that the cobalt product catalyzed the decomposition of borohydride. However, their research was focused on war-related applications, and the black precipitate was not investigated further.
In 1951, Raymond Paul and others investigated the reaction of with nickel chloride, sulfate, and acetate in various solvents and measured their performance as hydrogenation catalysts.
In 1963, H. C. Brown and Charles A. Brown reported the synthesis and performance of two similar catalysts, which they denoted by "P-1" (the same as Paul's) and "P-2", obtained by reacting sodium borohydride with nickel acetate in water and ethanol, respectively.
Preparation
In contrast with other borides, which require high temperatures, preparation of these nickel boride catalysts can be carried out at ambient temperature, without special equipment. Indeed, they are usually generated in situ.
The P−1 catalyst can be generated by reacting a nickel(II) salt, such as sulfate, chloride, nitrate, or acetate, and sodium borohydride in alkaline aqueous solutions. The product precipitates as a fine, black granular powder. The chemistry is very similar to that of electroless nickel-boron plating, and yields hydrogen gas and the corresponding sodium salt as byproducts. The borohydride must be added gradually to the nickel salt solution, not the other way around, because the product catalyzes the hydrolysis of borohydride to hydrogen and hypoborate . The catalytic activity of P-1 is enhanced by adding small amount of salts of other metals (but not cobalt) to the nickel salt during preparation. Benzene however reduces its activity somewhat.
The P−2 form is prepared similarly from nickel(II) acetate and sodium borohydride in ethanol. An inert atmosphere was found necessary for maximum catalytic activity. The result was an almost colloidal suspension of the black catalyst. Another method uses nickel chloride NiCl2 instead of acetate.
Structure and composition
The P-1 and P-2 "nickel boride" catalyst have been suggested to be amorphous compounds, composed of nickel bonded to individual boron centres. However, that structure was later found to be incorrect.
An X-ray diffraction analysis of P-1 by L. Hofer and others in 1964 indicated that the nickel and boron contents were in 2.5:1 ratio, but the solid contained 11% of strongly bound water and other compounds. was amorphous when freshly prepared (with crystalline nanoparticles about 1.5 nm across), but even heating at 90 °C caused the formation of some crystalline nickel. Heating at 250 °C caused it to separate into two phases: metallic nickel, and crystalline trinickel boride with the cementite structure, stable at least up to 750 C. No trace of the true dinickel boride was seen. The authors concluded that P-1 was an intimate mixture of metallic nickel and some amorphous boron-containing compound.
The true structure of these "nickel borides" was elucidated only in 2007. They consist of small grains of crystalline nickel boride embedded in an amorphous nickel matrix.
The two forms P−1 and P−2 differ in terms of amount of their contamination by NaBO2 adsorbed on the surface. P−1 Ni2B has an oxide to boride ratio of 1:4, whereas that of P−2 Ni2B is 10:1. Their properties differ in terms of catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity.
Applications
Ni2B is an efficient catalyst and reducing agent. It is used as a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst.