_H. (Helicella) itala._--So named by Linnæus, who probably received it first from Italy. Shell almost circular, flat. Umbilicus very large and open. Common on heaths and downs, especially near the sea.
_H. (Candidula) caperata._--(The specific name means wrinkled, like a goat's horn.) Careless of heat or cold. Distinguished from the young of _H. virgata_ by being more depressed, having a larger umbilicus, regular and strong striation, and round mouth with white internal rib. Found under stones and on grass. Common.
[Illustration: _Helicella virgata_ at rest on thistle, natural size.]
_H. (Heliomanes) virgata_ (_i.e._ striped).--A very variable shell. See the illustration above of some at rest on thistles. Local, but very abundant where found. Whitish shell with dark bands, but a yellowish and a white variety usually is found with the type. The most beautiful variety, _radiata_, is chiefly found in Romney Marsh, and from Hythe to Rye.
_H. (Turricola) terrestris._--A Mediterranean species, well established since 1890, in one spot near Dover. A pyramidal shell, greyish, with one dark band on each whorl.
_H. (Cochlicella) barbara_ (_i.e._ foreign).--Long, conical, whitish, with one dark band. By the sea-coast. In shape somewhat like a Buliminus.
We come now to the Pupa family and its genus Buliminus and its sub-genus Ena. It is represented by:--
_Ena montana._--A local and southern shell, conical, slightly glossy, brown. Lip white and deflected. Commonly found on the holes of smooth-barked trees, and it closely resembles the small knobs on beech trunks.
_Ena obscura._--Like the former, but much smaller, and found nearly everywhere in England and Wales. Found in hedgebanks, or on beech trunks. Its specific name is derived from its habit of covering itself with a coating of earth, and so becoming inconspicuous.
The plate on p. 47, gives figures of some of our smaller shells, enlarged in most cases so that their distinguishing marks can be seen. The upright line by the side of each figure gives its actual height. The shells as numbered are _Helix rupestris_, _H. pygmæa_, _H. pulchella_, _H. lapicida_, _H. obvoluta_, _H. terrestris_, _H. barbara_, _Ena montana_, _Ena obscura_, _Pupa secale_, _P. anglica_, _P. cylindracea_, _P. muscorum_, _Vertigo antivertigo_, _V. moulinsiana_, _V. pygmæa_, _V. alpestris_, _V. substriata_, _V. pusilla_, _V. angustior_, _V. edentula_, and _V. minutissima_. Without a magnifying glass it will be seen that it would be very hard to distinguish some of the minute shells, but this enlargement enables us to see the characteristic denticles in the mouth, and the presence or absence of striations on the shell.