Sir George Bruce of Carnock (c. 1550 – 1625) was a Scottish merchant, ship-owner, and mining engineer.
Family
George Bruce was a son of Edward Bruce of Blairhall and Alison Reid, a sister of Robert Reid, Bishop of Orkney. His older brother Edward Bruce (1548-1610), was created Lord Bruce of Kinloss in 1602. Edward Bruce built the large mansion known as Culross House or Abbey House (now reduced in size) and George built Culross Palace.
Coal, salt, and silver
Bruce was an innovator in coal mining techniques, introducing undersea mining into the Upper Hirst seam with use of new drainage technology. These innovations attracted much interest, including a visit from King James VI in 1617. Sir George Bruce invited him to visit one of his mines which tunnelled down beneath the sea bed. James ventured into an entrance on land which went far out under the Firth of Forth and found himself emerging at the top of a stone tower sitting a quarter of a mile from shore. Alarmed to find himself surrounded by water, James accused Sir George of an attempt on his life and declared that the whole affair was an act of treason. It was only when George Bruce pointed out the rowing boat and explained that one could either use that or return by the tunnel from whence they came that James relaxed again - and took the option of the boat journey.
John Taylor, an English writer known as the "Water Poet" came to Culross in 1618, and described his visit in the Pennilesse Pilgrimage. Three of Bruce's workmen gave the poet a tour of the mine. Taylor described how the mine had an entrance on land and another entrance through a waterproof tower built on a sandbank with bituminous cement. He was given the choice of returning from the Moat tower via the mine or by boat. Taylor was impressed and wrote that he told George Bruce that the Gunpowder plotters might have learnt from him, or such underground works would be a suitable wine cellar for a London tavern. He also noted a horse drawn drainage machine, later described as an Egyptian wheel, draining the mine with an endless chain with 36 buckets attached, and the extensive salt works. Salt was exported to England and Germany. Ben Jonson also visited in 1618, and recorded the name of the landward mine entrance as the "eye". He saw salt pans at Kincardine, west of Culross, where over 500 people were employed.
The sea tower called the "Moat Pit" and the mine beneath the Forth was inundated by a great storm in March 1625. In 1658 Robert Moray recalled visiting the mine before it was abandoned, and he thought the Earl of Kincardine would not now re-open it. Moray thought George Bruce's idea of mills powered by the tide to drain a mine could be useful again.
George Bruce bought several existing salt pans around Culross, where sea-water was evaporated to make salt for seasoning and for preserving meat. The library of the University of Edinburgh has several charters detailing these acquisitions from 1586 onwards. The equipment of one pan included "buckets, pots, stands, scaffolds, and troughs". Bruce petitioned to sell his salt in London in 1611, undercutting other suppliers, and claiming to employ 1,000 workers.
In 1608 and 1609 Bruce was treasurer of the royal silver-mine at Hilderston near Bathgate. He had a lodging at the works, with furniture from Culross, though day to day supervision was undertaken by his deputy. The mine accounts are held at the National Archives of Scotland.
Shipping and fishing
Bruce was a financier, and offered credit to an English diplomat William Asheby in July 1588. Bruce's factor at Helsingør in Denmark was Frederick Lyall, or Leyell, who managed his exports of salt. Lyall was involved in buying a jewel given by the Earl Marischal to Anne of Denmark at her proxy marriage to James VI.
Bruce and several other merchant ship-owners lost cargoes of London-bought goods in the Falcon of Preston and Jesus of Bo'ness in 1583. The Falcon and the cargo of the Jesus were taken in the Lowestoft road on 17 March by an English sailor, Captain Chaleis, who sailed to Portsmouth. The owners jointly petitioned Elizabeth I for the return of the ship and value of the cargo. James VI also wrote to Elizabeth on their behalf. The value of the loss was estimated at £440 sterling.The ships probably took salt, coal, and other Scottish products to London.