The geopolitics around nuclear arms control is rapidly becoming more complex, and so too is the technology behind the weaponry. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has reignited discussions on the power of nuclear weapon states. Thrusting the issue into the spotlight, Russian President Vladimir Putin reminded the world in February 2022 that his country “remains one of the most powerful nuclear states” with “a certain advantage in several cutting-edge weapons”. But a lot has changed since the US and Russia last engaged in nuclear brinkmanship. While the nuclear weapon stockpiles may have reduced since the height of the Cold War, more states than ever possess nuclear weapons and many have modernised their arsenals. The situation is another challenge to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) — a 1968 pledge by 191 states to not spread nuclear weapons beyond the states that had already tested. EMBED START Video { id: "editor_1"} Despite being NPT signatories, the world's superpowers have ramped up the capabilities of their nuclear arms: the United States has poured trillions into modernisation, China has expanded its warheads and delivery systems, and Russia has put its upgraded nuclear forces on high alert. Meanwhile, non-NPT states such as North Korea, India and Pakistan shape regional relations, alongside Israel — a secret nuclear power with a policy of deliberate ambiguity . The rest of the world is drawing their own lines. Some 86 states, tired of empty disarmament rhetoric from nuclear states, have signed the UN’s Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Others are siding with their powerful nuclear allies — Australia’s AUKUS pact with the US and UK aims to equip them with nuclear propulsion submarines within the coming decades. 360info is looking into the role of contemporary nuclear weapons and how it is shaping 21st century geopolitics. The first nuclear test took place in New Mexico in 1945, creating a crater of 300 metres wide. (CTBTO) Approximately 90 percent of the world's nuclear warheads are owned by the United States and Russia. (Federation of American Scientists) As of October 2021, there are 441 nuclear power reactors in operation in 30 countries. There remains only nine states with nuclear weapons. (Statista) Quote attributable to Joelien Pretorius, University of the Western Cape "Using nuclear weapons to deter or compel action is effectively holding humanity at ransom "The world has come very close to nuclear war, miscalculation and accidents have happened, and the fact that there has not been a major nuclear disaster since 1945 is basically down to ‘luck’." "Disarmament seems to be reversing: nuclear weapon states are modernising their arsenals and some are increasing their warheads, renewing the nuclear arms race." Russia’s invasion could reignite a nuclear arms scramble Ineffective treaty helped Russia’s nuclear threat escalateJoelien Pretorius, University of the Western Cape Russia’s nuclear blackmail is prompted by a flawed treaty and ambivalence by nuclear weapon states towards nuclear disarmament. Not MAD about PutinMaria Rost Rublee, Monash University The notion of Mutually Assured Destruction as a deterrent to nuclear strikes has destabilised. It would be dangerous to maintain an unquestioned reliance on it. Nuclear winter should chill every leader to the boneSimone Turchetti, University of Manchester The consequences of a nuclear war have been well-explored by science. Beyond immediate death and destruction, a famine and climate disaster beckons. Biden's moment to decide on nukes is comingDaniel Steedman, Monash University US foreign policy will change in wake of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Whether Biden departs from his predecessors on nuclear weapons policy remains to be seen. Nuclear instability stretches beyond Russia to South Asia Amitabh Mattoo, University of Melbourne, Jawaharlal Nehru University Not since the end of the Cold War has the threat to the effectiveness of the nuclear non-proliferation regime been as intense or widespread. Nuclear North Korea eyes new Cold War eraSung-wook Nam, Korea University Watching Ukraine suffer at the hands of Russia is likely to strengthen North Korea’s resolve to keep its nuclear weapons. Despite being NPT signatories, the world’s superpowers have ramped up the capabilities of their nuclear arms: the United States has poured trillions into modernisation, China has expanded its warheads and delivery systems, and Russia has put its upgraded nuclear forces on high alert. Meanwhile, non-NPT states such as North Korea, India and Pakistan shape regional relations, alongside Israel — a secret nuclear power with a policy of deliberate ambiguity . The rest of the world is drawing their own lines.