Tom O'Brien (c. 1851 − September 29, 1904) was an American confidence man and swindler during the late 19th century. He was popularly known as "King of the Banco Men", along with other prominent tricksters such as Joseph "Hungry Joe" Lewis and Charles P. Miller, and organized countless banco and confidence schemes throughout the United States, especially in New Orleans, Chicago and New York, as well as in Europe. He often partnered with a number of confidence and banco men such as Lon Ludlam, Red Adams, Frank Smith, Pete Carlisle, Ed Ray, Red Austin, Charley Hinnell, "Hungry Joe" Lewis and Reed Waddell. He later shot and killed Waddell in an argument over money following a scheme they had run in Paris, France.
He, like Waddell, was credited with having invented the "gold brick swindle". A classic con trick, he made at least $500,000 using this swindle during a five-month period at the Columbian Exposition of 1893 as one of many figures of the criminal underworld who attended the event.
Biography
Early criminal career
A native of Chicago, Illinois, Tom O'Brien first appeared during the early 1880s, becoming notorious for his con games and confidence tricks. This was most evident in such major cities as New Orleans, Chicago and New York City where he based his operations for much of his criminal career. He frequently visited New Orleans throughout his life, both to devise new schemes and to see his mistress Anne Grey. Grey, a highly popular courtesan and madam in the city's underworld, ran a high-class "bagnio" on Burgundy Street and was extensively involved in confidence tricks in New York, Atlanta and Paris before arriving in Louisiana. During O'Brien's trial for Waddell's murder, Grey sold off all her assets so she could join O'Brien in Paris and was able to use her wealth to spare O'Brien from the guillotine.
Former NYPD police detective Thomas F. Byrnes, referred to O'Brien as "King of the Bunco Men" in his book Professional Criminals of America (1886) and claimed he had been arrested "in almost every city of the United States" and had spent at least twenty years in prison during his criminal career. He was perhaps most infamous as a "bunco steerer" and was alleged to have stolen around $500,000 in his criminal dealings. In Harry Houdini's The Right Way to Do Wrong: An Expose of Successful Criminals (1906), one of O'Brien's typical banco swindles was described as a popular variation of the "real Simon Pure Bunco Game":
O'Brien was able to take a Michigan farmer for $21,000 using this ploy, perhaps his most successful effort, but was eventually arrested for the 1889 theft of $10,000 in bonds from Albany businessman Rufus W. Peck in December 1891. Arrested in England, he was extradited back to the U.S. and, on March 25, 1892, was sentenced to ten years imprisonment in Clinton Prison. He was defended by William F. Howe. Other accounts claim he escaped from custody while being transported to Sing Sing.
Escape and years as a fugitive
On April 21, 1892, O'Brien escaped from custody in Utica, New York while being escorted by James B. Buck on a writ of habeas corpus. Authorities believed he returned to Chicago via Canada where, in the safety of his hometown, he reportedly had hidden $10,000. While there, he was one of a number of criminals who attended the Columbian Exposition of 1893 where he netted at least $500,000 over a period of five months using the "gold brick swindle". He eventually fled to New Orleans, possibly after a tip to his whereabouts by a South Side Chicago saloon keeper, and then to Paris, where he stayed briefly until an incident with a gendarme nearly caused his capture. He traveled to South America, where he and his partner Doc Minchon were involved in dealing narcotics in Haiti. In March 1894, an anonymous letter was received in Little Falls, New York in which the author, claiming to be a close friend of O'Brien, disclosed the whereabouts of the fugitive. It was reported that O'Brien was serving as a soldier in Haiti, having fought in defense of the government during the insurrection, and that he was considering entering politics given his recent popularity. The alias he was using was not included in the letter.